Saalburg

A town in the Saal Region of Germany, the Saalburg was a Roman fortification in the Taunus Mountains and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes. It was constructed about 90 AD, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North.

BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Seized by Murat and Bernadotte 10th October 1806.

 

Saalfeld

Saalfeld is a city in Thuringia, East central Germany, on the Thüringer Saale River. The Battle of Saafeld took place on October 10 1806, between 7,000 Prussians under Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia and a division of Lannes’ corps, led by the Marshal himself. The Prussian infantry was broken and driven under the walls of Saalfeld, whereupon the Prince put himself at the head of his cavalry and charged the advancing French. The charge was repulsed and the Prince, refusing to surrender, was cut down and killed. The Prussians lost in this action 400 killed and wounded, 1,000 prisoners and 20 guns.

BkXX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saarbruck (Saarbrücken)

The capital of the Saarland Bundesland in Germany its historic landmarks include the stone bridge across the Saar (1546), the Gothic church of St Arnual, the 18th century Saarbrücker Schloss (castle) and the old part of the town, the St. Johanner Markt. In 1815 Saarbrücken came under Prussian control, and for two periods in the 20th century (1919-1935 and 1945-1957) it became part of the Saar territory under French administration. For this reason, coupled with its proximity to the French border, it retains a certain French influence.

BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there 4th June 1833.

 

Saba, or Sabba

Most of the lauras (the semi-eremitical monasteries of Palestine) in the vicinity of Jerusalem owed their existence to a Cappadocian monk named Saba (439-532). In 485 he founded the great monastery which still bears his name, Mar Saba. It is built into the rock overlooking the Kidron Valley, and was once known as the Great Laura or Lavra.

BkI:Chap3:Sec2 BkVII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand recalls a memory from his journey to Jerusalem.

 

Sabran, Comte de

Killed in a duel in 1735.

BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Mentioned.

 

Sacchini, Antonio Maria Gasparo

1730-1786. Italian composer.  Born in Florence, spent his last years in Paris. Renaud, Dardanus and Oedipe à Colone made his reputation, and he was called the ‘Racine of Music’.

BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Sacchetti, Guilio Cesare, Cardinal

1596-1663. Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina in 1655, he was Prefect of the Council of the Roman Curia from 1661.

BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 He was excluded as a candidate for the Papacy by use of the veto (the right of exclusion wielded by the major Catholic powers) in 1644 and 1655.

 

Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm, Prince von der Osten-Sacken

1752-1837. A Russian Field-Marshal, born in Revel, he fought as a young man in the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774. He subsequently pursued a distinguished military career. During the Russian invasion of 1812, he crossed the border and took Warsaw. Later he successfully operated against Prince Poniatowski. His brilliant conquest of Poland won him the Order of Alexander Nevsky. For his valour in the Battle of Leipzig he received the Order of St. George of 2nd degree. He led the Russian Army in the Battle of Brienne. In several subsequent engagements he commanded the Silesian Army instead of Blücher. On 19 March 1814 he was appointed Governor-General of Paris. During the Hundred Days he fought under Barclay de Tolly. He had a subsequent military career in Russia, and when the November Uprising broke out, he became the war governor of Kiev, Podolia and Volynia. For his rapid and effective actions, the Emperor bestowed upon him the title of Prince. He finally retired in 1835.

BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 He was appointed Governor of Paris by Alexander in 1814.

 

Sacontala, Sakuntala

She is the leading character in Kalidasa’s drama Sakuntala which concerns the love of King Dusyanta for this semi-divine nymph. The 5th Century AD Indian poet was the greatest writer of Classical Sanskrit. He is traditionally associated with the court of Chandra Gupta II. The drama was popularised in Europe at the end of the eighteenth century, in the translation by Sir William Jones (1746-1794), jurist, linguist and orientalist, a supreme-court judge in Calcutta (1783-1794), who was first to note the affinity between the Indo-European languages in 1786.

BkVI:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Saget, Monsieur

Mayor of Sainte-Foy.

BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand dined with him.

 

Saguntum (Sagunto), Spain

Saguntum is an ancient city in the modern fertile district of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain. It is located in a hilly site, twenty miles north of Valencia, close to the Costa del Azahar on the Mediterranean Sea. By 219 BC Saguntum was a large and commercially prosperous town, which sided with the local Greek colonists and Rome against Carthage, and Hannibal’s siege was the opening move in the Second Punic War. After a harsh resistance of several months, related by the Roman historian Livy, Saguntum was captured in 218 by the armies of Hannibal.

BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Amaund

A farmhouse on the battlefield of Ligny, it was taken by the French.

BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 Taken by Napoleon’s troops on June 16th 1815.

 

Saint-Ange, Ange François Fariau, called

1747-1810. French poet and translator, he translated Ovid’s Metamorphoses. He died shortly after his election to the Academy.

BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Paris in1792.

 

Saint-Aubin, Jeanne-Charlotte Schroeder, Madame

1764-1850. Actress at Théâtre-Italien.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier

The town in Brittany is south-east of Combourg, north-east of Rennes. The principal manor of the Chateauborg estate, Plessis-Pillet is near Dourdain, eight kilometres to the south. La Secardais or Lascardais is seven kilometres to the north-east. The battle in 1488 was between the last Duke of Brittany, François II, and troops under the Duke de La Trémoille, fighting for the King.  The defeated François signed the treaty of Verger. The ruined fortress is extant.

BkV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Aulaire, Louis de Beaupoil, Comte de

1778-1854. Chamberlain to Napoleon 1809, he was Prefect of the Meuse in 1813, then the Haut-Garonne in 1814. A Liberal Deputy from 1815 he was Decazes’ brother-in-law, and inherited a peerage on the death of his father in 1829. He was Ambassador to Vienna in 1833, and Rome 1841-1847. He wrote a History of the Fronde (1827) which won him an Academy chair in 1841.

istory of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BkXXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand meets him in 1830.

BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 He was French Ambassador to Vienna in 1833.

 

Saint-Balmon (Balmont, Baslemont) de Neuville, Alberte Barbe d’Ernecourt, Comtesse de

Called L’Amazone chrestienne, during the Thirty Year’s War, when the French and Austrians were laying waste Saint-Balmon’s native province of Lorraine, her husband was away fighting under the Duke of Lorraine. Saint-Balmon simply decided to replace him. On horseback and dressed in only slightly modified male costume, she organized the defence of her property and she was so successful in her efforts that her neighbours asked her to protect their land as well. She seems to have been constantly at war in the late 1630s and the early 1640s.

BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sainte-Barbe

The famous college is where Saint Ignatius Loyola was educated, in Paris.

BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint Bartholomew’s Day, Massacre of

A massacre of French Protestants, or Huguenots, began in Paris on August 24, 1572. It was preceded, on Aug. 22, by an attempt, ordered by Catherine de’ Medici, on the life of the Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny. The failure of the attempt led to formulation of the plan for a general massacre. The opportunity was furnished by the presence in Paris of many of the Huguenot nobility for the wedding of Henry of Navarre (later King Henry IV) and Catherine’s daughter, Margaret of Valois. Massacres continued into October reaching the provinces of Rouen, Lyons, Bourges, Orleans, and Bourdeaux. An estimated 3,000 were killed in Paris, 70,000 in all of France. News of the massacres was welcomed by the Pope and the King of Spain. Protestants, however, were horrified, and the killings rekindled the hatred between Protestants and Catholics and resulted in the resumption of civil war

BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint Bernard, Passes

The Great St Bernard is the most ancient pass through the Western Alps, with evidence of use as far back as the Bronze Age, surviving traces of the Roman road and more recently the path of Napoleon’s army into Italy in 1800. A hospice for travellers founded in 1049, named after Saint Bernard of Menthon, later became famous for its St. Bernard dogs. The Little St Bernard Pass is located in Savoie, France, to the south of the Mont Blanc Massif, and close to the border with Italy.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon’s army crossed them into Italy in 1800. Desaix was buried at the hospice of Great Saint-Bernard, with Napoleon laying the first stone of a tomb for him there in 1805.

BkXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 See for example  David’s painting of 1800-1801.

 

Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, France

A town in the Val d’Oise, it is located 30 kilometres north of Paris, in territory once belonging to the Montmorency’s. It has literary associations with Paul Eluard and the Surrealists and with the novelist Edith Wharton.

BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 Madame Récamier and Madame de Staël spent time there.

 

Saint-Brieuc, France

Saint-Brieuc is situated on a plateau between the Gouëdic River and the canalized Gouët River on the north coast of Brittany.  It is located barely 2 miles from Saint-Brieuc Bay on the English Channel. It is 80 miles east of Brest, 48 miles southwest of Saint-Malo, 57 miles northwest of Rennes and 235 miles west of Paris.  It is the capital of the Département of Côtes-d’Armor.

BkI:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand’s brother at college there.

 

Saint-Cannat, France

Saint-Cannat, located 16 km from Aix en Provence, was founded by a 5thcentury hermit, Canus Natus, Bishop of Marseille, who gave his name to the village.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon passed through on his way to Elba in 1814.

 

Saint-Cast, Brittany

The French coastal town in Brittany is near Cap Frehel, 25km from Saint-Malo. An English raid there by General Bligh in 1758 was driven off by General Morel d’Aubigny.

BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Armand landed there in September 1808.

 

Saint-Chamans, Alfred, Comte de

1781-1848. A former officer in the Grand Army, and a Colonel of the Royal Dragoon Guards in 1815, he was made a Marshal. His Memoirs were published in 1896.

BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Commanding a Guards column during the July revolution.

 

Saint-Cloud

The town in France is now a western suburb of Paris, famous for the Sèvres porcelain factory. The town was named after Clodoald (or Cloud), grandson of Clovis I. The palace of Saint-Cloud (built 1572, destroyed during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870), of which the picturesque park remains, was a residence of many rulers of France. Napoleon I proclaimed the Empire at Saint-Cloud in 1804.

BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 The cabmen of Saint-Cloud.

BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 Daru there to take Napoleon a copy of Chateaubriand’s speech.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Transfer of the government there in October 1799.

BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon proclaimed Emperor there 18th May 1804.

BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Napoleon’s civil marriage with Marie-Louise took place there on April 1st 1810.

BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Napoleon there in November 1813. Henri III assassinated there in 1589.

BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand saw Charles X there in 1829.

BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1

Charles X there in July 1830.

BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1

The Palace was evacuated by Charles X and his entourage in the early morning of the 31st of July 1830.

BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Trogoff was Governor there in 1828.

BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned as the westerly direction from central Paris.

 

Saint-Cyr, Seine-et-Oise

A French town it lies in the Yvelines department of north-central France.

BkIV:Chap1:Sec3 Chateaubriand passed through in 1786 on the way to Paris.

 

Saint-Cyr, College of

A school for the daughters of impoverished noblemen was founded at Saint-Cyr in 1685 by Louis XIV and Mme de Maintenon. The building later housed the famous military academy (the West Point of France) founded by Napoleon in 1808.

BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Chateaubriand’s maternal grandmother educated there.

BkXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Élisa Bacciochi educated there.

BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Students from the military academy in July 1830.

 

Saint-Denis

A suburb now of Paris, on the Seine, its gothic abbey, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, contains the tombs of many French kings.

BkII:Chap7:Sec5 BkX:Chap8:Sec2 BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1

BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 The royal tombs were desecrated in 1793 and the remains interred in a pit. Napoleon re-opened the church in 1806, but it was not until the Bourbon restoration that the grave pit was opened in 1817, and the jumbled remains transferred to the crypt.

BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 Rulhière’s house there.

BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand compares Saint-Denis (1140-1144) with Westminster Abbey (1245-1260) though the Lady Chapel is of course much later (1543). 

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 An antiquary of the neighbourhood.

BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 The French kings were entombed there.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1815. He saw the King on the 7th of July.

 

Saint-Dizier, France

The town, on the River Marne, is north-east of Troyes.

BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in January 1814.

 

Saint-Fargeau, Suzanne-Louise Le Pelletier de, Madame de Mortfontaine

b1785? Daughter of Louis Michel Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau (1760-93), aristocrat turned revolutionary, and member of the Convention. He voted for the death of the king, and was assassinated on the eve of the king’s execution in 1793. Given a splendid state funeral, Le Pelletier was celebrated as a republican martyr and commemorated in a painting by David. This work has not survived as his daughter grew up to be an ardent royalist, bought the picture and had it burnt. Her own famous portrait by David (1804) survives. She was adopted by the State, and became known as ‘Mademoiselle Nation’.

BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Became owner of Verneuil.

 

Sainte-Foy-les-Lyon

The town is on a hill at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône, near Lyons (now a suburb).

BkXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Monsieur Saget the mayor there.

 

Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Comte de

1707-1778. Saint-Germain was appointed minister of war by Louis XVI on the 25th of October 1775. His efforts to introduce Prussian discipline in the French army brought such opposition that he resigned in September 1777.

BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Germain

He was a man-servant to Madame de Beaumont and later to Lucile.

BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand loans him to Lucile.

 

Saint-Germain, Madame

Wife of the above, she was a Spanish maid-servant to Madame de Beaumont.

BkXV:Chap4:Sec1 At Madame de Beaumont’s deathbed in 1803.

 

Saint-Gilles, Raymond de, see Raimond IV

 

Saint Gothard, Switzerland

A noted mountain in the Lepontine Alps, 9850 ft. high, crossed by a pass leading from Lake Lucerne to Lake Maggiore, and since 1882 traversed by a railway with a tunnel from Göschenen to Airolo,

BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon’s army (General Moncey) crossed the pass in 1800.

BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in August 1832.

BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Schöllenen Gorge is a canyon around 5km long on the Reuss River in central Switzerland north of Andermatt. Enclosed by sheer granite walls its road and railway require several spectacular bridges and tunnels, of which the most famous is a stone bridge known as Devil’s Bridge. On its way through Switzerland the Reuss runs through Lake Lucerne and continues through the Schöllenen Gorge and under the Devil’s Bridge at St. Gotthard Pass before joining the Aar, which flows into the Rhine. The Furca Pass leads to the Rhône glaciers.

BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 The Unserloch tunnel was one of the first road tunnels built in 1708 by Pietro Moretti an apprentice of Vauban’s. Mount Adula is one of the highest peaks of the Saint-Gothard. The river Ticino (German: Tessin; Latin: Ticinus) is a tributary of the Po. It rises in the Saint Gotthard massif in Switzerland and flows through Lake Maggiore. The Ticino joins the Po a few kilometres downstream of Pavia.

BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

St Helena

A mountainous island in the South Atlantic Ocean claimed as English territory. Napoleon I was exiled there from 1815 to his death in 1821.

BkIV:Chap1:Sec2 BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 BkXIX:Chap4:Sec1

BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon exiled there.

BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 The act confining Napoleon to the island in 1815.

BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Diana’s Peak at 2685 feet is the highest point, Flagstaff Hill (2275 feet) is near Longwood, Ladder (not Leader) Hill above Jamestown, the capital, had a battery on the top, with Jacob’s Ladder’s 679 steps leading up to it.  

BkXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Plantation House is a Georgian residence built in 1792, occupied by the Governor.

BkXXIV:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon’s tomb is in the Valley of the Tomb, otherwise Geranium or Sane Valley. His remains were exhumed in 1840 and shipped back to France for burial in the Invalides.

 

St Helier, Jersey

The capital of the island of Jersey.

BkX:Chap3:Sec1 The Bedées had emigrated there in July 1792, and lodged in the Rue des Trois-Pigeons (now Hill Street), the home of Thomas Anley, captain of the local militia. Chateaubriand lodged at Captain Renouf’s house on the Rue des Mielles (now Parade Place) bordering the dunes.

 

Saint-Huberty, Marie-Antoinette Clavel, Madame

1756-1812. A Singer, she played all the leading female roles in the operas presented at the Royal Academy of Music between 1782 and 1786. Gluck’s Armida was performed every year between 1784 and 1792, a role in which she triumphed. But she also sang Armida in Sacchini’s Le Renaud, created in 1783 and played every year except 1787 until 1793.

BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand heard her sing Armida.

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Her role as Dido in Piccinni’s opera.

 

Saint-Hyacinthe, Hyacinthe Cordonnier, called

1684-1746. Author of the anonymous Masterpiece of an Unknown, an erudite satire.

BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Jean

A bonfire of Saint-Jean was (and still is in places) lit in France to celebrate the pagan festival of the summer solstice. It was part of the ritual to leap over the coals when the fire had subsided. Celebrated on the 23rd June it thereby became associated with John the Baptist.

BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de,

1767-1794. A French revolutionary, he was a member of the Convention from 1792, he became a favourite of Robespierre and was (1793–94) a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety. As commissioner (1793) with the army of the Rhine, he contributed to the successful operations that drove the allies beyond the French border. On his return he served as President of the Convention. He supported Robespierre in the destruction of the Hébertists and Dantonists. During the coup of 9 Thermidor (1794), Saint-Just was prevented from delivering a speech in defence of Robespierre, his arrest was ordered, and he was guillotined with Robespierre.

BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted.

BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Lambert, Jean-François de

1716-1803. Poet. When Stanislaus Leszczynski became Duke of Lorraine in 1737, Saint-Lambert joined his court at Lunéville. He left the army after the Hanoverian campaign of 1756-1757, and devoted himself to literature, producing a volume of descriptive verse, Les Saisons (1769), many articles for the Encyclopedie, and some miscellaneous works. He was admitted to the French Academy in 1770. His fame, however, arises chiefly from his love affairs. He was already high in the favour of the Marquise de Boufflers, Leszczynski’ mistress, whom he addressed in his verses as ‘Doris’ and ‘Thémire’, when Voltaire in 1748 came to Lunéville with Emilie de Breteuil, Marquise du Chatelet. Her infatuation for him terminated fatally for her in child-birth. His subsequent liaison with Madame d’Houdetot, Rousseau’s ‘Sophie’, continued throughout his life. Saint-Lambert’s later years were given to philosophy. He published in 1798 the Principe des mœurs chez toutes les nations ou catéchisme universel, and published his Œuvres philosophiques (1803), two years before his death.

BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Present at Le Marais. Chateaubriand quotes from Les Saisons Canto III.

BkXIV:Chap3:Sec1 Died not long before Laharpe on February the 9th 1803.

 

Saint-Lary, Roger de, Duc de Bellegarde and Baron de Termes

c1562-1646. Grand Écuyer (Squire) to the King, 1595-1611 and 1621-1639. The title was usually referred to as Monsieur le Grand.

BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Laumer, Monsieur de

He was a traveller in the Middle East.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned as having met Chateaubriand.

 

Saint-Launeuc

Village in Brittany, in the Dinan Arrondissement.

BkI:Chap1:Sec8 François-Henri, rector there.

 

Saint-Léon, Monsieur de

An agent of Fouché’s.

BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec1 His negotiations at the Congress of Vienna.

 

Saint-Leu, Duchesse de, see Bonaparte, Hortense

 

Saint-Lô

The capital of La Manche department in Normandy, it is an agricultural centre and has famous horse stables. An old Gallo-Roman town, Saint-Lô was a medieval fortress and was the scene of a massacre of Huguenots in the 16th cent.

BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 Armand interrogated there.

 

Saint-Louis, see Louis Poullain

Valet to Jean-Baptiste-Auguste de Chateaubriand.

 

Saint-Malo, Brittany

The coastal town is in North-Western Brittany.

BkI:Chap1:Sec8 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 BkII:Chap7:Sec2 BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkI:Chap1:Sec9 Chateaubriand’s father entered the Navy there.

BkI:Chap1:Sec11 His father established himself there, after his marriage.

BkI:Chap2:Sec1 His mother gave birth there. In fact the first child was a daughter, Bénigne born 2nd December 1754, neither she nor Geoffroy born 4th May 1758, survived. After Jean-Baptist, born 23rd June 1759, came Marie-Anne, 4th July 1760, Bénigne, 31st August 1761, Julie, 2nd September 1763, and Lucile, 7th August 1764. Auguste-Louis (28th May 1766, died 30th December 1767) and Calixte-Anne (3rd June 1767) died early.

BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkI:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand returned there at the age of three in September 1771.

BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Description of the town and landmarks.

BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Chateaubriand’s History of Saint-Malo.

BkI:Chap4:Sec4 In 1590, Saint Malo refused to sign up with the Ligue or Henry IV, Protestant King of France. They proclaimed their own ‘Republic’ which lasted four years. Their motto was ‘Ni Français, ni Breton, Malouin suis." (Neither from France, nor from Brittany, but from St Malo’.) Saint_malo provided funding for the French wars and was attacked by the English in 1693 and 1758.

BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Its maritime role.

BkI:Chap4:Sec6 On 1st September 1771, when he returned from the wet-nurse, Chateaubriand’s parents left the Rue des Juifs for the first floor of the Maison White, a hotel which still exists and was renovated after wartime damage, at 2 Place Chateaubriand (not the Place Saint-Vincent). Saint-Malo’s affinity with Cadiz.

BkI:Chap4:Sec7 The town’s innocence and strict moral standards.

BkI:Chap4:Sec8 The inhabitants vowed to help build Chartres Cathedral.

BkI:Chap5:Sec3 The visit of the Comte d’Artois (the future Charles X) at the age of twenty, 11th to 13th May 1777, just before Chateaubriand left for college at Dol.

BkI:Chap6:Sec1 BkI:Chap7:Sec1 The Chateaubriands’ hotel was damaged by fire during the night of 16th/17th February 1776. They returned to the Rue des Juifs for 15 months, and it was only in the latter half of May 1777 that they moved to Combourg.

BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Once part of the Forest of Broceliande.

BkII:Chap3:Sec1 A military camp established at Saint-Malo as part of the preparations for a campaign against Jersey in 1778.

BkII:Chap3:Sec2 A trip to the town with the Combourg steward in 1778, combined in Chateaubriand’s memory with one to the camp at Paramé in 1779.

BkII:Chap3:Sec3 BkIV:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand visits the theatre there. This places the visit in 1779, since the theatre had been destroyed by fire on 27th October 1778. A temporary wooden theatre took its place, which Chateaubriand visited.

BkII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s mother visited the town every year for six weeks around Easter.

BkIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkIII:Chap14:Sec1 Chateaubriand was sent there in the spring of 1786 to prepare to sail for India. The house he had lived in was sold in 1780 by Monsieur Magon de Boisgarein to Monsieur Dupuy-Fromy, then to a certain Chenu who turned it into an inn. His successor Jean Blandin bought adjoining houses to create the Hotel de France, seen in a lithograph of 1840, signed H. Lorette.

BkIII:Chap14:Sec3 Chateaubriand embarked there for America.

BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s mother settled at Saint-Malo in 1787, at 479 (now 17) Rue des Grands-Degrès.

BkV:Chap4:Sec1 Cortois de Pressigny, Bishop in 1788.

BkV:Chap5:Sec1 The countryside round about described.

BkV:Chap15:Sec4 BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand embarked from there for America on the 7th April 1791.

BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand travels there from Le Havre in January 1792.

BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 The home of Monsieur de Lavigne in 1792.

BkX:Chap3:Sec3 The thirty louis (600 livres) brought by the smuggler no doubt came from Chateaubriand’s mother.

BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 La Ferronays was from there.

 

Saint-Malo, Bishop of

BkII:Chap7:Sec1 Gives Chateaubriand the sacrament of Confirmation in 1781. Antoine-Joseph Des Laurents, was Bishop of Saint-Malo from 1767 to 1785.

 

Saint-Mandé

It is a commune of the Val-de-Marne département, and of the Île-de-France région (in the eastern suburbs of Paris), France. It is located 3.3 miles from the centre of Paris. The old commune included Bel-Air and Picpus now part of the 12th Arondissement of Paris.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Carrel died there.

 

Saint-Marcellin, Jean Victor Fontanes

1791-1819. The son of Louis Fontanes, he fought in the Russian Campaign, then made a career as a journalist (collaborating on the Conservateur) and playwright. He was mortally wounded in a duel. He was the author of Relation d'un voyage de Paris à Gand en 1815 (1823).

BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 His death precipitated that of his father.

 

Saint-Marsault-Chatelaillon, Baron de

BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Debutant at Versailles with his brother and Chateaubriand.

 

Saint-Marsault, Baron de

BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Debutant at Versailles with his brother and Chateaubriand.

 

Saint-Martin, Antoine-Jean

1791-1832. An Ultra journalist and Orientalist.

BkXXXI:Chap4:Sec1 He wrote against Chateaubriand in 1829.

 

Saint-Martin, Louis-Claude de

1743-1803. A Mystic, known as le philosophe inconnu, he was the first to translate the writings of Jacob Boehme from German into French. A nobleman, he was interned during the French Revolution, to be later freed by local officials who wanted him to become a school teacher. His published letters show that he was interested in spiritualism, magnetic treatments, magical evocation and the works of Emanuel Swedenborg. Admirers of his works formed groups of Friends of St Martin who later became known as Martinists. They were influential on the formation of the Society of the Golden Dawn. Saint-Martin was also published by Chateaubriand’s publisher Migneret.

BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand met him. He quotes from Saint-Martin’s Mon Portrait historique et philosophique.

 

Saint-Maximin–la-Sainte-Baume, France

A town in the Var in Provence, it has a 13th century Gothic cathedral.

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Lucien Bonaparte was President of the Jacobin Club there.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2 Napoleon passed through on his journey to Elba.

 

Saint-Michel, Mont

Mont St. Michel is a small quasi-island, separated by approximately one kilometre of waves from the mainland at high tide. At low tide it is separated from the mainland by sand. Before a causeway was built in 1879, the only approach to the Mont was by foot over this land bridge. On 16th October 709 Bishop Aubert of Avranges, founded an oratory. In 966, a Benedictine monastery was established at the request of the Duke of Normandy. In 1020, Richard II began the Abbey Church, and supported Abbot Hildebert's construction efforts. Over time, the spiritual foundations of the abbey waned, and in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries it was used as a prison. In 1874, the French government assumed responsibility for the abbey's upkeep and restoration.

BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Created by a tidal influx in 709 according to Chateaubriand.

 

Saint-Michel de Maurienne, Savoy

A village in Savoy on the River Arc.

BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1803.

 

Saint-Ouen, France

The town in north-central France, on the Seine, is now an industrial suburb of northern Paris and a terminal point for river shipping. The city retains a villa from the Merovingian period.

BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 The Declaration of Saint-Ouen was signed in 1814, by which Louis XVIII became a Constitutional monarch.

BkXXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand wanted to see the Sistine Madonna, in the Rouen Museum sited there, a late copy wrongly attributed to Raphael as a copy of his original (1513-1514) in Dresden.

 

St Petersburg, Russia

The city located in north-western Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland and on the Baltic Sea. It is informally known as ‘Piter’ and was formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and Leningrad (1924–1991). Founded by Peter the Great in 1703 as his ‘window on Europe,’ it served as the capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years (the capital was moved to Moscow after the Russian Revolution of 1917).

BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 On April 11th 1805, Britain and Russia signed the Treaty of St. Petersburg, an offensive alliance directed against France. They were joined by Austria (on August 9th), and Sweden, while France was allied to Spain, and a number of satellite republics. Sweden only joined after Britain granted subsidies which virtually financed the entire Swedish war costs.

BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Sweden declared neutrality in the British-French war and signed a secret Treaty of Petersburg with Russia against France and Denmark on April 5, 1812.

BkXXI:Chap4:Sec3 BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon’s thoughts of taking the city in 1812.

 

Saint-Phal, (Etienne Meynier)

1752-1835. An Actor.

BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Acted at the Théâtre-Français.

 

Saint-Pierre

An Island in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon archipelago, off the coast of Newfoundland, it became a French department, all that remained to France of its Canadian territories after 1763: the islands were traditional fishing and smuggling bases.

BkVI:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand touched there 23rd May 1791. The natural tea referred to is Gaultheria recumbens, known as gaultheria, red tea, mountain tea or Canadian tea.

BkVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand left the island around the 8th June 1791, having celebrated the Feast of the Ascension on Tuesday the 2nd.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 A letter regarding Mademoiselle Dupont from the islands.

 

Saint-Pol (Saint-Paul), Antoine Montbeton, Comte de

d.1594 A Marshal of the League.

BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Preux

He is a character in Rousseau’s La Nouvelle Héloïse.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to Letters XXVI and XXVII of the second part of the work.

BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Priest, Emmanuel-Louis-Marie Guignard, Duke of Almazan, Vicomte de

1789-1881. He was the third son of François, and served in the Imperial Russian Guard, then after 1815 in France, He was Ambassador to Berlin in 1825, Madrid in 1827, and became involved in Marie de Berry’s uprising in 1832. He married the daughter of the Marquis de Caraman.

BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833.

BkXL:Chap6:Sec1 In Padua, 20th September 1833.

 

Saint-Priest, François-Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de

1735-1821. He was a Minister of Louis XVI.

BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Dismissed by Louis in 1789.

 

Saint-Priest, Auguste Charlotte Louise de Riquet de Caraman, Madame de

1798-1849. She was the wife of the Vicomte (married 1817).

BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833.

 

Saint-Rémy

Saint-Rémy-de-Provence is situated about 20 km (12 miles) south of Avignon, just north of the Alpilles mountain range.

BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Riveul, André-François-Jean de Rocher de

1772-1789. A school-friend of Chateaubriand, he was killed at Rennes on the 27th of January 1789.

BkII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand and he fight at school.

BkII:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand’s room mate.

BkV:Chap7:Sec1 His death at Rennes.

 

Saint-Servan

A parish near to Saint-Malo, at the mouth of the River Rance, between the dam and Saint-Malo, and incorporated into it in 1967.

BkI:Chap3:Sec4 BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkI:Chap4:Sec3 Possible site of the Roman Aleth, from which the Saint-Malo peninsula Alet takes its name.

BkI:Chap4:Sec4 During the Seven Year’s War, on June 1–12 1758, an English expedition was mounted against Saint-Malo and the nearby town of Cancale and Saint-Servan was burnt.

BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s mother died there.

BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 Julie writes from Saint-Servan in July 1798.

 

Saint-Simon, Claude-Anne, Marquis then Duc de

1743-1819. He was deputy for the nobility of Angoumois in 1789. Emigrated to Spain during the Revolution, where he became a Marshal in 1793, then lieutenant-general and captain-general of Old Castile in 1796. He died in Madrid.

BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Colonel of the Touraine Regiment in 1778.

 

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de

1760-1825. A French social philosopher, he was the grand nephew of Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon. While still a young man, he served in the American Revolution as a volunteer on the side of the colonists. He took no part in the French Revolution, but used the opportunity to make a fortune through land speculation. He lavished his wealth on a salon for scientists and spent his later years in poverty, sustained by the faith that he had a message for humanity. Foreseeing the triumph of the industrial order, Saint-Simon called for the reorganization of society by scientists and industrialists on the basis of a scientific division of labour that would result in automatic and spontaneous social harmony. In Le Nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity: 1825), he proclaimed that the concept of brotherhood must accompany scientific organization. His writings contain ideas foreshadowing the positivism of Auguste Comte (for a time his pupil), socialism, federation of the nations of Europe, and many other modern trends. Around him gathered a small group of brilliant young men. After his death, they modified and elucidated his principles into a system of thought known as Saint-Simonianism. Partly because of their eccentricities, the Saint-Simonians achieved brief fame. Led by Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin and Saint-Amand Bazard, they organized a series of lectures (published in 1828–30 as L'Exposition de la doctrine de Saint-Simon), calling for abolition of individual inheritance rights, public control of means of production, and gradual emancipation of women. Although the movement developed into a moral-religious cult and had split and was disintegrated by 1833, it exerted much influence, especially on later socialist thought.

BkXIII:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned as an example of plagiaristic thought.

BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 D’Alopeus had been a follower.

 

Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de

1675-1755. The French memoir writer, he lived at the court of Louis XIV, and exercised some influence during the Regency of Philippe, Duc d’Orléans (1715-1723) failing to realise his ambitions. His memoirs cover the years 1694-1723 and are sharply observed.

BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 His comment regarding Père Tellier.

BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Quoted.

BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 See the Memoirs.

 

Saint-Thomas, Porte

The Saint-Thomas Gate mentioned is at Saint-Malo.

BkI:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Urbain, Abbey

The Cistercian Abbey of Saint-Urbain is near Langenthal, in the Canton of Berne.

BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saint-Val, Madamoiselle, the younger (Marie-Blanche Alziari de Roquefort)

1752-1836. An actress and tragedienne, born in Provençe, her elder sister Marie-Pauline-Christine (1747-1830) was also an actress. She played the Comtesse in Beaumarchais’ Figaro in 1784. She retired to Provence (to an old abandoned monastery on the island of Saint-Honorat which she bought, and where she was visited by Fragonard) during the Revolution. She died as Madame de Saint-Freyx at Draguignan.

BkIV:Chap11:Sec1 Actress at the Théâtre-Français.

 

Sainte-Aulaire (or Saint-Aulaire), Louis Clair de Beaupoil, Comte de

1778-1854. Napoleon’s Chamberlain in 1811, Prefect for the Meuse in 1813 and Haut-Garonne in 1814, refused to serve during the Hundred Days, Deputy in 1815, Peer of France, Ambassador to Rome for Louis-Philippe (1831), Vienna (1833), and England (1841), he wrote a Histoire de la Fronde. He was the father of Egidie de Saint-Aulaire who through her mother, née Soyecourt, was descended from the last reigning prince of Nassau-Saarbruck, allied to the Danish royal family.

BkXXV:Chap5:Sec1 His daughter married Decazes in 1818.

 

Sainte-Beuve

1804-1869. French literary historian and critic. The first major professional literary critic. He studied medicine but abandoned it for literature, and began contributing reviews to the Globe in 1824. After attempts at writing poetry, Vie, poésies, et pensées de Joseph Delorme (1829), and a semiautobiographical psychological novel, Volupté (1834), which was inspired by his love for Mme Victor Hugo, he turned to criticism. His weekly articles in reviews were collected as the Causeries du lundi (15 vol., 1851–62, tr. Monday Chats, 1877). He considered his great work to be Port-Royal (1840–59), taken in part from his lectures in 1837 at Lausanne. This work, comprised of six books, is a history not only of Jansenism but of a whole section of 17th-century French society. Made a member of the French Academy in 1844, Sainte-Beuve taught (1848–49) at Liège, and in 1857 he became a professor at the École normale supérieure. He was appointed senator in 1865. His vast literary output reveals a critic of great taste, vast memory and learning, and a passion for truth in judgment.

BkXI:Chap3:Sec1 His foreword to Fontanes works (1839).

BkXXVIII:Chap4:Sec1 His article on Madame de Charrière appeared in the Revue des Deux-Mondes of 15th March 1839.

 

Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

The small gothic chapel, on the Ile de la Cité, built by Louis IX in the 1240’s to house relics from the Holy Land, believed to be the Crown of Thorns and part of the True Cross. Its restored stained glass windows, and interior, are of great beauty.

BkX:Chap8:Sec2 Damaged in the Revolution: under the Empire it was further damaged by being used as a repository for the Archives.

 

Saint-Louis, Alsace

A town and commune of the Haut-Rhin département, Saint-Louis is located on the borders with Germany and Switzerland.

BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in May 1833.

 

Saintré, Jehan de

L'Hystoire et plaisanle cronicque du petit Jehan de Saintre et de la jeune dame des Belles-Cousines Sans autre nom nommer (1456) was written by Antoine de la Sale or de la Salle (c1388-c1462) a soldier of fortune. The book is an account of the education of an ‘ideal knight’. When Petit Jehan, aged thirteen, is persuaded by the Dame des Belles-Cousines to accept her as his lady, she gives him systematic instruction in religion, courtesy, chivalry and the arts of success. She materially advances his career until Saintre becomes an accomplished knight, the fame of whose prowess spreads throughout Europe.

BkXXXVII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares Henri V to the hero.

 

Sala, André-Adolphe

A Swiss from Lugano, he was a Captain of the Guards, 6th Infantry, in July 1830. He published an account, Dix Jours en 1830, and later was a founder of the society which was formed in 1836 to handle Chateaubriand’s Memoirs. He later transferred his rights to Emile de Girardin in 1844.  His daughter Jeanne married Alexandre Colonna-Walewski grandson of Napoleon and son of the tragédienne Rachel.

BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in July 1830.

BkXL:Chap4:Sec1 In Ferrara in September 1833.

 

Saladin, Sultan

1138-1193. Revered as a hero of Islam, Saladin united Arab forces and recaptured Jerusalem from Christian Crusaders in the 12th century. Of Kurdish origin, Saladin became the vizier of Egypt in 1169 and then took full control of the country in 1171; he later built the famed Citadel in Cairo. His conquest of Jerusalem in 1188 prompted the Third Crusade, led by Richard I of England; Richard’s forces defeated Saladin in several battles, but could not retake Jerusalem. Saladin and Richard signed an armistice in 1192, and the two are often linked in histories of the era.

BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Saladin’s truce with Richard guaranteed free access of Christians to the holy sites.

 

Saladin, Jean-Baptiste Michel

1752-1812. A Montagnard who voted for the king’s death, he represented the Somme. He was granted an amnesty after 18th Brumaire and ended his career practising law.

BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Salamis

The Greek island in the Aegean, off which the Greek navy defeated the Persians in 480BC.

BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Saleh

A Mameluke.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799.

 

Saliceti, Antoine-Christophe

1757-1809. Lawyer and representative of the third estate of Corsica in the States General, he was elected to the National Convention, he was sent on mission to besieged Toulon in 1793 and helped set up the administration after its fall. He was a friend and protector of the young Bonaparte, but was later mistrusted. He ended his life as chief of police in Naples (1806-9).

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon’s correspondence with him.

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 One of the Representatives who ordered the siege of Toulon in 1793.

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 After 9th Thermidor (27th July 1794) he sat in the Thermidorean Convention. After the Consulate, and before ending as police chief in Naples he served in Lucca and Genoa.

BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He remained a supporter of Bonaparte after the fall of Robespierre.

 

Salerno, Italy

The port in Campania, on the Gulf of Salerno, was founded by the Romans in 197BC.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Salins-les-Bains, France

A town of eastern France, in the Jura département, part of the Franche-Comté, Salins owes its name to its saline waters, used for bathing and drinking. There are also salt works and gypsum deposits. It is situated in the narrow valley of the Furieuse,

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 In 1825 the town was almost destroyed by fire. Chateaubriand was there in September 1833.

 

Salisbury, Alys Grandisson (alias Alice, Catherine, Katherine), Countess of

fl.1328. Ward of Edward III, and daughter of the 5th Earl of Salisbury.

BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned. Chateaubriand has picked up on the legend of this Alys being the favourite of Edward III. She was not buried in Westminster Abbey.

 

Sallust, Gaius Sallustius Crispus

c86-c34BC. A Roman politican and historian, and supporter of Julius Caesar he was accused of corruption and retired from politics in 41BC. He wrote the Bellum Catilinae and the Bellum Jugurthinum.

BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saloman, Solomon

Died c930 BC. King of the ancient Hebrews (c.970–c.930 BC), son and successor of David, his mother was Bathsheba. His accession has been dated to c.970. According to the Bible, his reign was marked by foreign alliances (notably with Egypt and Phoenicia) and the greatest extension of Israel's territory in biblical times. He built numerous cities, constructed copper smelting furnaces in the Negev, and had the first temple built at Jerusalem. However, his despotism resulted in the alienation of N Israel and the revolt of Jeroboam I. The biblical account of Solomon derives from the ‘Succession Narrative’ in Second Samuel and First and Second Kings; Temple archives; and various folk-tales, but what the Bible says about the glory of his reign is impossible to confirm from the archaeological record.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 He had dealings with Hiram of Tyre.

BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 See the Wisdom of Solomon: V:9. Wisdom or the Wisdom of Solomon is one of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible and there are no surviving copies of the text in Hebrew. Although the author claims to be Solomon, many scholars believe that its language and ideas are of Greek origin and the author likely to have been an Alexandrian Jew of  the 1st or 2nd century BC.

 

Salomé

14-to between 62/71 AD. The daughter of Herodias, Salome was the step-daughter of Herod Antipas, and danced before Herod and her mother Herodias on Herod’s birthday, and by doing so caused the death of John the Baptist. The New Testament suggests that Salome caused John to be executed because of his complaints that Herod’s marriage to Herodias was adulterous.

BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 See Matthew XIV:3-12 and Mark VI:17-29.

 

Salona (Split), Croatia

The Italian Spalato, it is a port in north-east Croatia on the Adriatic. The city centre lies within the vast palace of Diocletian, including the cathedral which was Diocletian’s mausoleum.

BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Diocletian retired there in 305.

 

Salvage de Faverolles, née Louise Dumorey, Madame

1785-1854. A friend of Madame Récamier’s she settled in Rome.

BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 At Arenenberg with the Queen of Holland in 1832.

 

Salvandy, Narcisse- Achille, Comte de

1795-1856. He joined the army in 1813, and in the following year joined the household troops of Louis XVIII. His patriotic pamphlet on La Coalition et la France (1816) attracted the attention of Decazes who employed him to disseminate his views in the press, and he waged war against the Villèle ministry of 1822-1828. Under the July monarchy he sat almost continuously in the Chamber of Deputies from 1830 till 1848, giving his support to the Conservative party. Minister of education in Mathieu Molé’s cabinet of 1837-1839, and again in 1845, he superintended the reconstitution of the Council of Education, the foundation of the French School at Athens and the restoration of the École des Chartes. For short periods in 1841 and 1843 he was ambassador at Madrid and at Turin, and became a member of the Académie Française in 1835. Under the First French Empire he took no part in public affairs, and died at Graveron (Eure).

BkXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Rallied to Chateaubriand in 1825.

 

Salverte, Anne-Joseph-Eusèbe de la Baconnerie de

1771-1839. An economist, and Paris Deputy in 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 His arrest ordered but not carried out on 28th July 1830

 

Salvien de Marseille, Salvianus

5th century AD. A Historian, born at Trèves, he was the author of Ad Ecclesiam and De Gubernateione Dei.

BkIX:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to De Gubernatione Dei, VI.

BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 A reference to De Gubernatione Dei VII, concerning the barbarian incursions.

 

Salzburg

A city of west-central Austria near the German border southwest of Linz, it was originally a Celtic settlement and later a Roman colony, and long the residence of powerful archbishops. Mozart was born there in 1756. Secularized in 1802, it became an Austrian possession in 1805, and was transferred to Bavaria by the Peace of Schönbrunn (1809). The Congress of Vienna (1814–15) returned it to Austria.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Napoleon took the city in 1805.

BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833.

 

Sambre, River

The Sambre is a river rising in northern France and flowing into southern Belgium. The cities of Maubeuge (France) and Charleroi (Belgium) lie along the Sambre which flows through the French départements Aisne and Nord and the Belgian provinces Hainaut and Namur.

BkXXIII:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Napoleon drove the Prussians back from the river on the 15th June 1815.

 

Samoilova, nee Von der Palèn, Countess Yulia

1803-1875. A Russian countess, she was mistress of and painted by Karl Briulov (Brullo, Bruloff, Bryloff) (1799-1852) whom she met in Rome. After her first marriage to Count Nikolai Samoilov (d. 1842), which ended with a permanent separation, she travelled Europe, living mostly in Italy and Paris.

BkXLI:Chap1:Sec1 In Udine in 1833. 

 

Samos, Greece

A Greek island in the Eastern Aegean Sea, located between the island of Chios to the North and the Dodecanese islands to the South, in particular the island of Patmos, and off the coast of Turkey formerly known as Ionia. During the Greek War of Independence, Samos bore a conspicuous part, setting up a revolutionary government. It was in the strait between the island and Mount Mycale that Canaris set fire to and blew up a Turkish frigate, a success that led to the abandonment of the enterprise, and Samos held its own to the very end of the war. On the conclusion of peace, the island was handed over to the Turks, but after successful rebellions achieved a measure of independence before becoming part of Greece after the Balkan Wars.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sampietro Bastelica, known as Sampieru Corsu

1498-1567. Corsican in the service of France killed fighting the Genoese. He became Seigneur d’Ornano after his marriage to Vannina d’Ornano. He was a mercenary in the ‘Bande Nere’ of Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici, 1517-1528, then served the Pope, and later France. In 1553 he entered the war against Genoa, in charge of a French expedition to Corsica. He executed his wife for treachery.

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon was influenced by his tragic domestic history. Sampieru Corsu became governor of Aix-en-Provence in 1560, then was appointed French envoy to the Porte. While in Istanbul, he left his wife and children in the mansion he owned in Marseille; the young woman was corrupted by a Genoese spy who had become tutor to their children, Michelangelo Ombrone, and sold off Sampieru’s assets before embarking for Genoa. Sampieru was warned, and had the vessel intercepted. He judged his wife on the spot, found her guilty, and decided that she was to be strangled by him rather than fall victim to an executioner. A modern legend holds this to have been partial inspiration for Shakespeare ‘s Othello.

 

Samuel

11th century BC. A Hebrew judge and prophet: see 1st and 2nd Samuel.

BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 He anointed Saul and David.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 See Second Samuel XII:7 for the words of the prophet Nathan to David regarding his ‘murder’ of Bathsheba’s husband: ‘Thou art the man!’

 

San Giovanni in Laterano

The Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, known in English as Saint John Lateran Basilica, is one of the five great ancient basilicas of Rome. Originally called Basilica Salvatoris (Archbasilica of the Holy Savior), it is the oldest and ranks first among the great basilicas and is the cathedral church of the Popes by nature of their office of Bishop of Rome.

BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned as surrounded by spring flowers.

 

Sancho Panza

Sancho Panza acts as Don Quixote’s squire in Cervantes’s novel Don Quixote.

BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 Micomicom is a fictitious kingdom in the novel (see Book IV)

 

Sand, Karl Ludwig

1795-1820. A German university student and member of a liberal Burschenschaft or student association was executed in May, 1820, for his murder of the conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue (1761-1819) the previous March in Mannheim. As a result of his execution, Sand became a martyr in the eyes of many German nationalists seeking the creation of a united German national state.

BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 His name carved on benches in Berlin.

BkXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 His effect on Europe.

 

Sand, George

1804-1876. The pen-name of Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant. She was raised by her grandmother at the family estate, Nohant, in the French region of Berry, a setting later used in many of her novels.

BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Her second novel Valentine dates from November 1832.

BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateabriand on her life and works which include Indiana (1831), Lélia (1833), and Jacques (1833).

 

Sannazar, Jacopo

1458-1530. A humanist and poet at the Court of Naples, called the Christian Virgil, he is known for his Latin Elegies.

BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 See Elegies III:1 and II:1 for the respective lines.

 

Sannois, France

A town in the Val d’Oise, where Cyrano de Bergerac died, and Renoir and Utrillo painted.

BkXIV:Chap1:Sec2 Madame d’Houdetot lived there.

 

Sans-Culotte

Literally without-breeches, silk breeches being a form of dress associated with aristocrats. It became a political label identifying a revolutionary, rather than a member of a specific social class.

BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sanson, Charles Henri

1739-1806? The State executioner, he guillotined Louis XVI. He handed over his office to his son, who assisted him, in 1795.

BkV:Chap8:Sec1 BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He and his son pardoned.

 

Sanson, Henri-Nicolas-Charles

1767-1840 Son of Charles. He executed Marie Antoinette, Malesherbes and Robespierre.

BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 He and his father pardoned.

 

Sansovino, Jacopo d’Antonio

1486-1570. An Italian sculptor and architect, he studied with Andrea Sansovino whose name he subsequently adopted, changing his name from Jacopo Tatti. In 1529 Sansovino became chief architect to the Procurators of San Marco. His buildings in Venice, include those around Piazza San Marco, specifically the Zecca (the Public Mint), the Libreria Sansoviniana, the Loggetta adjoining the Campanile, and various statues and reliefs for the Basilica of San Marco. His most famous work is the building housing the Library of Saint Mark’s, the Biblioteca Marciana.

BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His work in Padua.

 

Sansovino, Francesco Tatti da

1521-1586. Son of Jacopo, he was a versatile Italian scholar and man of letters, also known as a publisher. He was born in Rome, but moved to Venice and studied law at Padua and Bologna. He is known for his 1581 work Venetia citta nobilissima et singolare, Descritta in XIIII Libri, known briefly as Venezia Descritta. He was also a literary critic, writing in particular on Dante and Boccaccio, and a historian.

BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sans-Souci, Palace of, Potsdam

The palace in Potsdam built (1745-1747) by Frederick II who lived there for forty years. It is believed to have been conceived by Frederick himself and executed by Knobelsdorff. The library and the magnificent park, the audience chamber with its fine paintings, the orangery, the statue of Frederick, and the great fountain are noted.

BkIV:Chap1:Sec1 Visited by Chateaubriand in 1821.

 

Santa Croce in Gerusalemme

The Basilica of the Holy Cross, Rome. This church was one of the seven holy places pilgrims needed to visit to obtain indulgences. The name derives from the sacred relics of the True Cross brought to Rome by Saint Helen, mother of the Emperor Constantine. The original structure goes back to St. Helen who decided to transform an atrium of her residence into a church.
Her home was an Imperial residence, the Sessorium, built between the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd centuries AD by Septimius Severus and Helagabalus. It included a circus and a small amphitheatre whose ruins can still be seen today, now incorporated into the Aurelian walls, just past the Church.

BkI:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned as surrounded by spring flowers.

 

Santa Cruz

The main town of the island of  Graciosa in the Azores.

BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited the town on his voyage to America in 1791.

 

Santeuil, Jean

1630-1697. Canon of St Victor, he was an author of Latin poetry, in particular epitaphs and hymns.

BkXXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A dictionary of Latin prosody was referred to as a Gradus ad Parnassum, a ‘stairway to Parnassus’

 

Santi, Lorenzo

19th century. He was a Venetian architect.

BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His Café or neo-classical Pavilion (1815-1817) beside the Royal Gardens in Venice on the waterfront. It was originally a coffee-house and is now an information centre.

 

Santo Domingo

The capital of the Dominican Republic is a port on the south coast, founded by Bartolomeo Columbus in 1496. It was the capital of the first Spanish colony in the Americas. It was under French rule (1795-1809) and then that of Haiti, becoming capital of the new Dominican Republic in 1844.

BkXXVIII:Chap12:Sec1 Villèle carried out secret negotiations with Haiti in 1825 by which France accepted the independence of its former colonies in return for cash and trade. Chateaubriand objected to the by-passing of the Chambers in an illegal manner.

 

Sappho

Born 630-612, died c570 BC. An Ancient Greek lyric poetess, born on the island of Lesbos, her verse survives in fragments. Sometimes associated with the city of Mytilene, she was also said to have been born in Eresos, another city on Lesbos.

BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 The promontory of Gnidus (Cape Crio) in Caria (lying between Cos and Rhodes) was a cult sanctuary of Aphrodite, whom Sappho celebrated.

BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 See Fragment 2 (Lobel and Page: Oxford 1955) taken from a third century BC potsherd. Chateaubriand gives a flavour of the original.

 

Sarmatians

Iranian tribesmen noted for their horsemanship, and their warrior princesses. In the 5th century BC Herodotus placed them beyond the Don on the eastern borders of Scythia. By the 3rd century BC they occupied most of the southern Ukraine. Sarmatism (Polish: sarmatyzm) was the name of the lifestyle of the gentry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from at least the 16th century to the end of 18th century. The gentry wore long coats trimmed with fur, carried sabres, and wore thigh-high boots, the ‘Sarmatian’ costume they liked to be painted in, proclaiming their link to their presumed legendary ancestors, the real Sarmatians, and the cultural ideology that sustained their connections with a nobility on horseback

BkV:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand contrasts the Sarmatian horsemen with the horseless Scythians, and links them to the Polish nobility. An artificial distinction, since the Scythians generally were noted horsemen.

 

Sarrazin, Jean

1770-1840. Confirmed in the rank of Général de Brigade by the First Consul in 1800, he served in Italy in 1799, Santo Domingo 1802-03, and was a brigade commander in the Grande Armée in 1805-06. Accused of misconduct toward the civilian population as a garrison commander in Flanders, he commandeered a boat and deserted to England in June 1810. He returned with the Bourbons in 1815 but was arrested by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and later in 1819 he was accused of bigamy and sought refuge in Holland, England, Turkey and Germany.

BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 His Histoire de la guerre de Russie…. (1815).

 

Saturn

Son of Earth and Heaven (Uranus) ruler of the universe in the Golden Age. Saturn was deposed by his three sons Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto who ruled Heaven, Ocean and the Underworld respectively. He was banished to Tarturus. He was the father also of Juno, Ceres and Vesta by Ops. In astrology Saturn is the planet of grief and the gloomy, melancholy temperament, hence the adjective saturnine.

BkXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Chateaubriand refers to his own temperament.

 

Saul

fl.11th century BC. First king of the ancient Hebrews, he was a Benjamite whose territory was probably limited to the hill country of Judah and the region to the north, and whose proximity to the Philistines brought him into constant conflict with them.

BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Anointed by Samuel, see 1st Samuel X;1

 

Saumaise, Claude de, Claudius Salmasius

1588-1653. A French humanist and philologist, after studying Latin and Greek with his father, he began a law career at Dijon in 1610. He turned to the study of theology, Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian when his Protestantism impeded his advancement in law. In 1631 he was called to the University of Leiden to succeed Joseph Scaliger. There he produced 80 books and became widely known as a scholar of the first rank. Supporting the Stuarts, he wrote Defensio regia pro Carlo I (1649), upholding the divine right of monarchy, which brought a celebrated dissenting reply from John Milton. Salmasius’ major works include an important commentary on Pliny (1629), and Observationes in jus Atticum et Romanum (1645).

BkIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Saunois

A Republican exiled to the Seychelles in 1801.

BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 He escaped and reached St Helena.

 

Sauquier

Royal Paymaster-General in 1785.

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Sauret de la Borie, Pierre-François,  General

1742-1818. Napoleonic general, campaigned in Italy.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon’s early opinion of him.

 

Saute des poissonniers

This was a Maundy Thursday custom whereby all the men who had sold fish during Lent had to leap into the pond.

BkII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sautelet, Philibert-Auguste

1800-1830. A lawyer turned editor, and member of Delécluze’s circle.

BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 He committed suicide 13th May 1830.

 

Sauvo, François

1772-1859. Director of the Moniteur.

BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Savannah, Georgia

The city is on the Savannah River in Georgia. Established by James Oglethorpe in 1733, it was an important colonial port. The first Atlantic steam ship crossing to Liverpool took place from here in 1819.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Savary, Anne Jean-Marie, Duc de Rovigo

1774-1833. As a young officer he announced the death of Desaix to Napoleon on the field of Marengo. He became an aide-de-camp, then colonel in the gendarmerie, then a general (1803). Created Duc de Rovigo in 1808 he was Minister of Police from 1801 to 1812.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec2 He carried Bonaparte’s orders to Murat ordering the  Duc d’Enghien’s execution.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 He subsequently accused Talleyrand of complicity in the execution.

BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 See Extraits des Mémoires du duc de Rovigo etc (1823). Full text 1828.

BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 His reminiscences regarding the execution of the Duc d’Enghien. Savary, who commanded the Gendarmerie d'Elite, had been sent to Biville on the coast of Normandy to await the arrival of a Bourbon Prince aboard a British naval cutter. The landing didn’t take place; either because of the weather or because the proper signals for a landing were not sent. After two fruitless months, Savary arrived back in Paris and went to Malmaison to report his failure, on the eve of the Duc d’Enghien’s execution.

BkXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand considers him responsible for carrying out the execution on secret orders from Napoleon.

BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Minister of Police in 1813.

BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 Left Malmaison with Napoleon on 29th June 1815.

 

Savignano sul Rubicone, Italy

It is a town in the Province of Forlì-Cesena.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 The Rubicon is nearby.

 

Savigny-sur-Orge, France

The town is now a suburb, 22 kilometres south of Paris (Essone).

BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 There, Madame de Beaumont rented La Maison de Courterente (or Courterenche) belonging to Marie Nicolas Pigeon, Advocate to the Parlement of Paris, in the summer of 1801, and Chateaubriand joined her. He stayed from the 19th May to the end of November, with visits to Paris. Joubert stayed there in May and then again in August, when Molé joined them.

BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand had met Laborie there.

 

Savona, Italy

A city of northwest Italy on an arm of the Ligurian Sea west-southwest of Genoa, it was known from early Roman times, and was an important commercial centre in the Middle Ages. On the Rocca di San Giorgio stands the fortress named Priamar (‘rock by the sea’) built by the Genoese in 1542, on the area of the old cathedral and later used as a prison and military prison (Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini was imprisoned there).

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec2 Napoleon reconnoitred the fortress in 1794.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Pius VII was detained there in 1809.

BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814.

 

Saxe, Maurice de, Marshal of France (Moritz Graf von Sachsen)

1696-1750. A Marshal of France, he was the natural son of Augustus II of Poland. A brilliant soldier he fought in the the Wars of Polish Succession (1733-1735) and Austrian Succession and famously took Prague in 1741 He then fought in the Netherlands, and was naturalised as a French subject in 1746 and granted the Château of Chambord for life. He was an ancestor of George Sand ( the pen name of Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant,  1804-1876)

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec1 His inability to spell French words.

 

Saxo Grammaticus

c1150-c1220. The first important Danish historian, he was in the service of Absalon, archbishop of Lund, at whose suggestion he wrote the Gesta Danorum (or Historia Danica). The first nine books are mostly composed of oral tradition and legends concerning the early Danes, including the story of Hamlet. The remaining seven books, dealing more with contemporary events, are an extremely valuable source for Danish history. The cognomen grammaticus (learned) was probably bestowed on Saxo after his death.

BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Quoted.

 

Say, Thomas

1787-1834. An American naturalist, born in Philadelphia, he went on collecting expeditions to Georgia and Florida and, with Stephen H. Long, to the Rocky Mountains and up the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. He was professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania from 1822 to 1828 and spent the rest of his life at Robert Owen’s colony in New Harmony, Indiana. Called the father of American descriptive entomology, he wrote on paleontology and conchology as well.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His travels.

 

Scaliger, Joseph Justus

1540-1609. The great French classical scholar. He was the son of Julius Caesar Scaliger, from whom he acquired his early mastery of Latin. He adopted Protestantism in 1562, served as companion of a Poitevin noble (1563–70), studied under Cujas at Valence (1570–72), and was professor of philosophy at Geneva (1572–74). After 1593 he held a research professorship at Leiden. Renowned in his own day for his erudition, he was learned in mathematics, philosophy, and many languages, and he was a promoter of scientific methods for textual criticism and the study of the classics. His De emendatione temporum (on the correction of chronology:1583) surveyed all the ways then known of measuring time, and placed the study of ancient calendars and dates on a scientific basis. He discovered and restored the content of the lost original of the second book of Eusebius’ chronicle. The chronological foundation for the modern study of ancient history was summed up in his Thesaurus temporum (Repertory of dates:1606)

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 The quote is from Ausonius, whom Scaliger edited in 1574, but goes back further to a letter of Pliny the Younger, LXII to Albinus, and was a comment made by Verginius Rufus.  

 

Scaligeri

The noble family of Scaliger (the Scaligeri) were lords of Verona. They were ousted by the Visconti in 1387. Cangrande I had inherited the position of podestà in 1308, and made a name as warrior, prince and patron of Dante, Petrarch and Giotto. By war or treaty he brought under his control the cities of Padua (1328), Treviso (1329), and Vicenza.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Scamozzi, Ottavio Bernotti-Scamozzi

1719-1790. An architect active in Vicenza where he designed the Palazzo Francschini Folco (1770) among other buildings. He wrote a work on Palladio. (Note also Vincenzo Scamozzi 1548-1616. An Italian architect and a writer on architecture, he was active mainly in the Vicenza and Venice area in the second half of the 16th century.)

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Scévola, Publius Mucius Scaevola

c115BC. A prominent Roman politician and jurist. He was tribune in 141 BC, and praetor in 136. He is best known for being involved with the downfall of Tiberius Gracchus, the plebeian revolutionary Tribune.

BkXIII:Chap5:Sec1 A reference to Fouché and those like him.

 

Sceaux

A town near Châtenay, about ten kilometres south of Paris.

BkI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned by Chateaubriand.

 

Schaffhausen

The canton of Schaffhausen is the northernmost canton of Switzerland, located to the north of Zurich. It lies west of the Lake Constance and is almost entirely surrounded by Germany. The canton of Schaffhausen is even divided by parts of Germany. There are three parts to the canton. The largest part includes the capital Schaffhausen. The Rhine Falls are the largest water falls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany.

BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand there on the 18th of May 1833.

 

Scheffer, Ary

1795-1858. A French painter of Dutch extraction he was noted for his paintings on the Faust theme, his religious works, and his portraits.

BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 He was a friend of the Duc d’Orléans.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Probably his sketch Armand Carrel on his death bed, which is now in the Art Gallery of Rouen. He had previously painted Carrel’s portrait, displayed at the Salon of 1833.

 

Scheherazade, Shahrazad

A Persian Queen, the fictional storyteller of The Thousand Nights and One Night, the nucleus of which is an ancient Persian manuscript Hezar-afsana (the Thousand Myths)

BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Schiller, Friedrich

1759-1805. A German poet, he was also philosopher, historian, and dramatist.

BkXXII:Chap5:Sec1 Thekla, Wallenstein’s daughter, is a character in his play Wallenstein (1799).

BkXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 His drama Die Jungfrau von Orleans (1801), which Chateaubriand calls Jeanne d’Arc, was played in Berlin on the 9th of April 1821 with Madame Stick in the title role. Décor was by Schinkel.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec3 Chateaubriand’s appreciation of him.

BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 His Wilhelm Tell of 1804.

BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s preference for him.

BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 See Schiller’s play The Death of Wallenstein, Act IV. The play is the third of the trilogy.

 

Schnetz, Jean-Victor

1787-1870. In Italy from 1817, he was a painter of popular Italian scenes with brigands and their wives figuring in them.

BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Schonen, Auguste-Jean-Marie, Baron de

1782-1849. He was a magistrate and Deputy for the Seine from 1827.

BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 Appointed a member of the Municipal Commission on the 29th July 1830.

BkXXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Appointed as one of the three Commissioners charged with escorting Charles X to Cherbourg in 1830.

 

Shuvalov (Schouwaloff), Pavel Andreevitch

1773-1823. He was aide-de-camp to Alexander I in 1814, and Russian Allied Commissioner for Elba (3 May 1814 - 26 Feb 1815, not resident).

BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 At Blois in 1814.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Commissioner for Elba.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec2  Escorted Napoleon on his journey to Elba.

 

Schwalbach, Germany

Bad Schwalbach is a spa town approximately 20 km northwest of Wiesbaden. It lies at 289 to 465 meters elevation in the Taunus mountains, along the small river Aar (a tributary of the Lahn).

BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The Duchess of Cumberland was there in 1821.

 

Schwartz

A native of Basel, he was hired by Chateaubriand as an interpreter during his visit to Bohemia.

BkXXXVI:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1

BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Schwarzenberg, Charles Philip, Prince of

1771-1820. The Austrian field marshal and diplomat who in 1810 was made ambassador to France, and led the Austrian forces sent to aid Napoleon I in the Russian campaign of 1812. When Austria joined (1813) the allies against Napoleon, Schwarzenberg was the senior general of the victorious coalition. He commanded at Leipzig (1813) and entered Paris in 1814.

BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His departure from the French army signalled the defection of Napoleon’s former allies.

BkXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Senior General in Paris in April 1814.

 

Schwed or Schwedt, Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenberg-

1700-1771. The son of Philip-William (1669-1711).

BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned in Mirabeau’s Secret History.

 

Sciarra, Marco

The ‘King of the Campagna’, he was a bandit leader in the neighbourhood of Rome at the end of the 16th century.

BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Scipio Aemelianus Africanus the Younger, Publius Cornelius

185-129BC. Roman general, the adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus Major. He destroyed Carthage in 146, and subdued Spain in 133. He was opposed to his brothers-in-law, the Gracchi (see Gracchus).

BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 The reference is to Cicero’s De oratore II:22, where Gaius Laelius and Scipio, reverting to childhood,  gathered pebbles and shells on the seashore.

 

Scipio, Publius Cornelius, Africanus Major

237-183 BC. The Roman Consul and General, after defeating the Carthaginians in Spain won permission to invade Africa. He defeated Hannibal at Zama (south-west of Carthage) in 202 and became a national hero, receiving the title Africanus. He subsequently retired from public life after resistance to his pro-Greek policies.

BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Mentioned.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His legions who died at Carthage.

BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Scipio supposedly stumbled on reaching African soil but quickly clasped it and said :You cannot escape me Africa.’

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The bronze peacocks are now in the Cortile della Pigna, part of the Belvedere, in Rome, and are said to be from Hadrian’s Mausoleum.

BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The hypogeia, a subterranean crypt of the Scipio family tomb on the Via San Sebastiano in Rome, was discovered in the eighteenth century.

 

Scott, Walter

1771-1832. The Scottish novelist, and poet, is famous for his series of historical novels, including Waverley (1814). He was bankrupted in 1826 and spent the remaining years of his life writing frantically to pay his creditors.

Preface:Sect3. Mentioned by Chateaubriand as having recently died.

BkIII:Chap4:Sec1 His mystic female characters, blessed with second sight.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His lameness in the right leg from an early childhood injury. His debt to Shakespeare.

BkXII:Chap2:Sec1 The leading novelist.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap16:Sec3 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3

BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 A reference to his Life of Napoleon (1827). Chateaubriand in an extensive note not translated here defends Scott as an impartial biographer.

BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 The Duchesse de Berry was acting like one of his Romantic heroines. She was at the farm of Mesliers near Nantes.

 

Scutari

Is an alternative name for Shköder in north-west Albania near the outlet to Lake Scutari. An ancient Illyrian capital, Shkodër became (168BC) a Roman colony, passed to Byzantium, and was conquered by the Serbs in the 7th century. Until the fall of Serbia in the late 14th century, Shkodër was the seat of the princes of Zeta (i.e., Montenegro), who pledged it to Venice in return for a subsidy in the war against Turkey. However, it was captured by Sultan Muhammad II in 1479. Known under Turkish rule as Iskenderiye, it was the seat of a pashalik. The pashas, often chosen from among Montenegrin renegades, fought for centuries against their Albanian neighbors.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon sends a gift to the Pasha (Ibrahim, of the Bushati dynasty was Pasha of Scutari, 1796-1810)

 

Scylla

The daughter of Phorcys and the nymph Crataeis, remarkable for her beauty. Circe or Amphitrite, jealous of Neptune’s love for her changed her into a dog-like sea monster, ‘the Render’, with six heads and twelve feet. Each head had three rows of close-set teeth. Her cry was a muted yelping. She seized sailors and cracked their bones before slowly swallowing them. Finally she was turned into a rock. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses Bk XIV:75-100. (The rock projects from the Calabrian coast near the village of Scilla, opposite Cape Peloro on Sicily. See Ernle Bradford ‘Ulysses Found’ Ch.20)

BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes a scholastic tag attributed to Virgil.

BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sébastiani, Horace François Bastien, Baron

1772-1851. A French marshal and diplomatist, of Corsican birth, he became chef de brigade in 1799. Attached by birth and service to the future Emperor Napoleon, he took part in 18th Brumaire. Promoted general of brigade in 1803, he served in 1805 in the first of the great campaigns of the Empire. His conduct at Austerlitz where he was wounded, won him promotion to the rank of general of division. He was appointed to Constantinople as French Ambassador inducing the Porte to declare war on Russia, and as a soldier directed the defence of Constantinople against the British. But the deposition of the Sultan Selim III caused his recall in April 1807. He was at this time made Count of the Empire. At Smolensk, Borodino and Leipzig he did brilliant service. He accepted the Restoration government in 1814, but rejoined his old leader on his return from Elba. After Waterloo he retired to England for a time. From 1819 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He held the posts of Minister of Marine, and, later, of Foreign Affairs. In this latter capacity he was the author of the historic saying ‘Order reigns at Warsaw’. In 1832 he was a Minister of State without portfolio, next year ambassador at Naples, and from 1835 to 1840 was ambassador to Great Britain. On his retirement from this post he was made Marshal of France. He was a brilliant social figure in Paris. His last years were clouded by the death of his daughter at the hands of her husband, the Duc de Praslin. BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes him.

BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 Accused by Napoleon of conspiring against him in 1815.

BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A member of the Greek committee in 1825.

BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 He writes to Chateaubriand, in support.

BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand suggests him for the Cabinet in 1827.

BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 A potential Minister still in 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 Involved in discussions on the 28th July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Speaks for admitting Mortemart on the 30th. He was appointed as a Commissioner on the 30th, to confer with the Peers.

BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers on 30th July 1830.

BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Ségalas, Anaïs, née Menard,

1814-1895. A poetess and critic she became a member of the Société de la Voix des Femmes in Paris in 1848 and of other Parisian feminist organizations in that year.

BkXLII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Séguier, Les

BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Examples of parliamentary magistrates.

 

Ségur, Louis-Philippe, Comte de

1753-1830. Son of the Marshal, he was a diplomat and historian. He served in the American War of Independence in 1781 as a colonel under Rochambeau. In 1784 he was sent as minister plenipotentiary to Saint Petersburg, He took up a sympathetic attitude towards the Revolution at its outset and in 1791 was sent on a mission to Berlin, where he was badly received. After fighting a duel he was forced to leave Berlin, and went into retirement until 1801 when, at Bonaparte’s command, he was nominated by the senate to the Corps Législatif. In 1814 Ségur voted for the deposition of Napoleon and entered Louis XVIII’s Chamber of Peers. Deprived of his offices and functions in 1815 for joining Napoleon during the Hundred Days, he was reinstated in 1819, supported the Revolution of 1830, but died shortly afterwards in Paris.

BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 His opposition to the Russian Campaign.

 

Ségur, Philippe-Paul, Comte de

1780-1873. Son of Louis-Philippe, and a distinguished soldier, he was a brigadier-general in the Russian campaign of 1812, and in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 repeatedly distinguished himself, notably at Hanau (October 1813), and in a brilliant affair at Reims (March 1814). He remained in the army at the Restoration, but, having accepted a command from Napoleon during the Hundred Days was retired until 1818, and took no further active part in affairs until the July Revolution of 1830. During his retirement he wrote his Histoire de Napoléon et de la grande armée pendant l’année 1812 (1824), which ran through numerous editions, and was translated into several languages. The unfavourable portrait of Napoleon given in this book provoked representations from General Gourgaud, and eventually a duel, in which Ségur was wounded. On the establishment of the July monarchy he received, in 1831, the grade of lieutenant-general and a peerage. In 1830 he was admitted to the Académie Française, and he became grand cross of the Legion of Honour in 1847. After the Revolution of 1848 he lived in retirement.

BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1

BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Quoted.

BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap4:Sec2 BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Referenced.

 

Ségur, Philippe-Henri, Marquis, Marshal of France

1724-1801. A veteran soldier he became Minister of War under Necker. In 1783 he became a marshal of France. He resigned from the ministry of war in 1787. During the Terror he was imprisoned in La Force, and after his release was reduced to considerable straits until in 1800 he received a pension from Napoleon. He died in Paris the following year.

 

Seleucus

c358-281BC Seleucus I (surnamed Nicator) was a Macedonian officer of Alexander the Great. In the wars of the Diadochi that took place after Alexander’s death, Seleucus established the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.

BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Selim I

1470-1520. The Ottoman sultan (1512–20) who extended the empire to Syria, the Hejaz, and Egypt and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world.

BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Ancestor of Selim III.

 

Selim III, Ottoman Sultan

1761-1808. The nephew and successor of Abd al-Hamid I to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (1789-1808). He suffered severe defeats in the second of the Russo-Turkish Wars with Catherine II, but suffered no major territorial losses when peace was made at Jassy in 1792. An ardent reformer, Selim set out to rebuild the Turkish navy on European lines, to reform the army, and to curb the Janissaries. In 1798 Selim joined the second coalition against France in the French Revolutionary Wars. Turkish forces lost Jaffa to Napoleon Bonaparte, who had invaded (1799) Syria after taking Egypt, but they held out at Acre and forced Napoleon to retreat. In 1801 the French left Egypt, which was restored to the Sultan. In 1804 the Serbs under Karageorge revolted. In 1806 war with Russia broke out again. A revolt of the Janissaries and conservatives who opposed his reforms led to Selim's deposition and imprisonment in 1807. Mustafa IV was placed on the throne. A loyal army marched on Constantinople to restore Selim. It entered the city in 1808, just after Selim had been strangled on Mustafa’s orders. Mustafa was executed and another of Selim’s cousins, Mahmud II, was put on the throne. During Selim’s reign Egypt became virtually independent under Mehmet Ali, as did Albania under Ali Pasha. Selim’s well-intentioned and efficient reforms came too late to arrest the decay of the Ottoman Empire.

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 Napoleon offered him his services in 1795. Selim sought expert help from the Republic to reorganise the defences of Constantinople, but the mission was not ready to leave until the end of 1796.

BkXX:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon maintained relations with him.

 

Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of

1771–1820, A Scottish philanthropist, he was founder of the Red River Settlement. Emigration to America seemed to him the best solution for the poverty of his countrymen, especially the Highlanders who had been evicted from their small holdings. He obtained land on Prince Edward Island and supervised (1803) the founding of a successful settlement there. In 1811 he acquired a large tract in Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company, in which he had bought a controlling interest, and established the Red River Settlement in what is now Manitoba. The creation (1812–16) of this colony led to bloodshed between the settlers and the North West Company, a rival of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The colony was destroyed in 1815 but later reinstated. After Selkirk's return to Upper Canada, lawsuits were brought against him by the North West Company, and he was forced to pay damages. Having sacrificed his health and most of his fortune to his philanthropic enterprises he returned home in 1818 and died in France two years later. He wrote Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland (1805) and A Sketch of the British Fur Trade in North America (1816).

BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Seltz

Seltz in Alsace (Bas-Rhin) distributed carbonated water.

BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand uses the French term eau de Seltz for soda-water.

 

Seminoles

The Seminole are a Native American Indian people of The Floridas. The nation came into existence in the 1700s, and was composed of Indians from Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida including the Creek Nation. While roughly 3000 Seminoles were forced west of the Mississippi River, including the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma who picked up new members including run-away slaves along their way, approximately 300-500 Seminoles stayed and fought in and around the Everglades of Florida. In a series of wars, about 1,500 American soldiers died, but no formal peace treaty was ever imposed, and the Seminoles never surrendered to the U.S. government, hence they call themselves the ‘Unconquered People.’

BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2

BkXXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sémonville, Charles-Louis Huguet, Marquis de

1759-1839. A French diplomat, the son of one of the royal secretaries, he was Minister and envoy extraordinary from France to Genoa in 1790-1791, In 1799 Bonaparte sent him to the Hague to consolidate the alliance between France and the Batavian Republic. In this mission he was entirely successful, and he is credited with another diplomatic success in the inception of the Austrian marriage. He accepted the Bourbon Restoration and sat on the commission which drew up the charter. Sémonville, who enjoyed a great measure of Louis XVIII’s confidence, took no part in the Hundred Days. A frank opponent of the extremist policy of Charles X, he tried to save him in 1830; in company with Antoine d’Argout he visited the Tuileries and persuaded the king to withdraw the ordinances and to summon the Council. He was made a count of the Empire in 1808, and marquis in 1819.

BkXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 The Grand Referendary (an officer of state traditionally charged with the duty of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decrees, and endorsing official acts) of the Chamber of Peers in 1825.

BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Quoted, from a speech in 1827.

BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 At Saint-Cloud on the 29th of July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Rebuffed in Paris on the 29th.

BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Active in Paris on the 30th.

BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1 His note to Chateaubriand on the 30th.

BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec2 Chateaubriand writes to him in August 1830.

 

Sempach

A small town in the Swiss canton of Lucerne, built above the eastern shore of Lake Sempach.

BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 On the 9th of July 1386 the Swiss Confederation defeated the Austrians of Duke Leopold there, the Duke losing his life. The Cistercian Abbey of Saint-Urbain is near Langenthal

 

Senancour, Étienne Pivert de

1770-1846. A French writer, his novella Obermann (1804), partially inspired by Rousseau, was edited and praised successively by Sainte-Beuve and by George Sand, and had a considerable influence both in France and England. It is a series of letters supposedly written by a solitary in a lonely valley of the Jura. It belongs to the large class of Wertherian-Byronic literature. BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sénatorerie

One of the means Napoleon had used to tame his senators was to endow each of them with a ‘Sénatorerie’, a substantial property taken from the ‘biens nationaux’ (lands taken from the nobles who had emigrated or been declared enemies of the state, from the Church, or from the Crown).

BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Senatus consulte

‘On the advice of the Senate’, was a formula used in ancient Rome when the Senate gave its advice on a point of law. Under the Consulate and the First and Second Empire it was an act voted on by the French Senate having the force of law.

BkXXII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap16:Sec1

BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Seneca

c2-66AD. The Roman Stoic philosopher, writer, and tutor of Nero, his works include treatises on rhetoric and governance and numerous plays that influenced Renaissance and Elizabethan drama. He was forced by Nero to commit suicide.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Tacitus attributed Nero’s letter to the Senate confessing to Agrippina’s murder, to Seneca himself. See Tacitus Annales XIV.11.3

BkXL:Chap2:Sec3 See Seneca’s The Trojan Women:575.

 

Seneff, Battle of

11th August 1674. The battle was the last great victory for Condé, fighting against William of Orange, at Seneff in Hainault. He fought with great bravery and had three horses killed under him.

BkXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Senlis, France

The Gallo-Roman town in the south of Picardy (Oise), 50km north of Paris, situated on the Nonette a tributary of the Oise.

BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Lucien Bonaparte’s château there was Plessis-Chamant 3 miles from Senlis which he acquired in 1802 and was forced to abandon it in 1816.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Chateaubriand there with the King in 1815.

 

Senozan, Marquise de

1718-1794. Sister of Malesherbes. Guillotined 10th May 1794.

BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her Château de Verneuil, on the left bank of the Seine, between Poissy and Mantes, was inherited by the Comte de Tocqueville.

 

Sérilly, Anne-Marie-Louise Thomas de Domangeville, Madame de

1762-1799. Cousin of Pauline de Beaumont. In 1779 married her cousin Antoine Mégret de Sérilly, Treasurer General in the War Ministry. Lady in waiting to Marie-Antoinette. Note her bust by Houdon, 1782. Her husband was executed in 1794. She married again twice, and died of smallpox.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sernon

A village in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the south of France, it is near Barrême.

BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Napoleon passed through in March 1815 during his return from Elba.

 

Serpentine

The Little Green Frog is a French literary fairy tale, from the Cabinet des Fées (1731, Amsterdam: a compendium of salon tales). Serpentine is a Princess, raised by the fairies, who appears in frog-shape.

BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s affectionate name for the hunchbacked girl

 

Serre, Pierre François Hercule, Comte de

1776-1824. A moderate Royalist émigré, who served the exiled Court, he became a member of the Chamber of Peers in 1815. Minister of Justice 1819-1821, he was noted for his oratorical skills, and repealed the censure of the Press. He became Ambassador to Naples in 1822, though already ill, dying at Castellmare.

BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Naples in June 1824.

BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 His death in 1824.

 

Sérurier (Serrurier), Jean Mathieu Philibert, Marshal of France, Comte

1742-1819. Fought in the Seven Years War. Re-enlisted as a soldier and rose to the rank of general by 1795. Fought successfully in the Italian Campaign and became Governor of Venice in 1798 where he was noted for his probity. Governor of the Invalides, 1808, and Commander of the National Guard, 1809, he rallied to the Bourbons in 1814 but served Napoleon during the Hundred Days.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon’s early opinion of him.

BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Rallied to Louis XVIII at Compiègne in 1814.

 

Servan de Gerbey, Joseph,

1741-1808. Minister of War during parts of 1792.

BkXIX:Chap8:Sec1 Counter-signed Napoleon’s captain’s brevet.

 

Sesmaisons, Marie Charles Donatien Yves, Vicomte de

1805-1867. He was the grandson of the Chancellor Dambray via his mother Anne Charlotte Françoise Dambray.

BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 In Rome in March 1829. Secretary in Vienna he had been sent by the Duc de Laval on a special mission.

 

Sesostris III (Senusret III)

1878-1839BC. An Egyptian Pharaoh, he was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III continued his Kingdom’s expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive River Forts. One stela mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Palestine. Morgan, in 1894, reported rock inscriptions near Sehel documenting his digging of a canal, possibly an early east-west Suez. He erected a temple and town at Abydos,

BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 His work on an early Suez canal.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His campaign in southern Palestine.

BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 The obelisk on the Place de Concorde where Louis XVI was executed, was offered to France in 1832 by Mehmet Ali, arrived in Paris 21st December 1833, and was erected on the 25th of October 1836.

 

Sesto-Calende

A town located in the province of Varese, in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, it is about twenty-five miles north-west of Milan.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in September 1833.

 

Severus, Septimius

146-211. Roman Emperor, 193-211, born at Leptus Magna south-east of Carthage, he was the first ‘African Caesar’.

BkXXXV:Chap25:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Severoli, Antonio Gabriele, Cardinal

1757-1824. Bishop of Fano, then nominal Archbishop of Petra, he was Papal Nuncio in Vienna from 1801 to 1817 where he strongly opposed Chancellor Cobenzl. He was made a Cardinal in 1816 and Bishop of Viterbo on his return to Italy. A zelante party candidate for the Papacy in 1823, the Austrians vetoed his appointment, and he himself suggested Della Genga.

BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 Vetoed by Austria using her right of exclusion in 1823.

 

Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de

1626-1696. The famous letter-writer, who in over 1500 letters, mostly written to her two children after the death of her husband in 1651, described Parisian society’s intellectual and other diversions, and her life at her country house in Brittany, in a style that was much imitated.

BkI:Chap1:Sec11 Read by Chateaubriand’s mother.

BkI:Chap7:Sec3 The reference is obscure, and is possibly to a generalised comment. In a letter to Vitré (2nd September 1671) she mentions Combourg.

BkIV:Chap3:Sec2 See the letters of December 1675 where she speaks of a Pommereuil or Pommereu, Baron de Riceys, future intendant of Brittany.

BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Her doctor was Jean Pecquet.

BkV:Chap2:Sec 2 Chateaubriand quotes her letter of 5th August 1671, to her daughter. The States met at Vitré that year, near her château at Rochers. Her letters of the 16th October and 24th November speak excessively lightly of the measures taken to repress the peasants’ uprising. After breaking on the wheel, hanging seems a refreshing change!

BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 Associated with Guillaume de Lamoignon.

BkXIII:Chap1:Sec1 A friend of La Rochefoucauld.

BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Addressed by Boileau in Épitres VII.

BkXV:Chap1:Sec1 Her letters to her daughter, Madame de Grignan.

BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand refers to her letter to her daughter 16th September 1677. The three gentlemen took the waters devant et après her, each taking his half-hour.

BkXVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Her rural solitude.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 In a letter of 24th April 1671, she speaks of going en Bavardin, that is to seek gossip in the village, modifying the name of a chatterbox friend the Marquise de Lavardin.

BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 The reference is to her letter of 29th April 1671.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 The reference is to her letter of 8th January 1690.

 

Seurres, France

A town in Burgundy.

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Napoleon Bonaparte posted there.

 

Sévigné, Charles de

Son of Marie.

 

Sévin, Abbé René-Malo

d. 1817. Rector of Combourg from 1776. He took refuge in Jersey in 1792, but returned as curé in 1803 and held the position till his death.

BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Signatory to Chateaubriand’s father’s death certificate, as rector of Dingé.

 

Sèvres

The town near Versailles, is that to which the famous porcelain factory moved in 1756, from Vincennes. Louis XV was the proprietor from 1759.

BkIV:Chap9:Sec4 BkX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Seychelles

The Republic of Seychelles is an archipelago nation of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some 1,600 km east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar. Other nearby island countries and territories include Mauritius and Réunion to the south, Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest, and the Suvadives of the Maldives to the northeast.

BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Exiled Republicans sent there in 1801.

 

Sèze, Raymond Romain, Comte de

1750-1828. A French advocate, together with François Tronchet and Malesherbes, he defended Louis XVI, when the king was brought before the Convention for trial. He himself was also imprisoned during the revolution, but he managed to elude the scaffold. After release on the fall of Robespierre, he disappeared from public life, refusing to serve the Directory and the Napoleonic government, both of which he saw as illegitimate. Upon the return of the Bourbons he was made a peer, as well as a judge and a member of the French Academy.

BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 Suspected by Napoleon of being an intermediary with England.

BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815.

BkXXV:Chap12:Sec1 He was from Bordeaux. His brush with Chateaubriand did not stop the latter representing the Peers at his funeral, and giving the funeral elegy, at the family’s request on the 18th May of 1828.

 

Sforza, Duchess Caterina

1563-1509. Duchess of Forlì and Imola, she was an illegitimate daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza. She defended Forlì against Cesare Borgia in 1500, eventually surrendering.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Shakespeare, William

1564-1616. The English playwright, born and died in Stratford.

BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Rosalind and the exiled Duke appear in As You Like It which is set in the Forest of Arden.

BkX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand translates from lines 9-13 of Richard III, Act IV, Scene 3.

BkXI:Chap2:Sec1 A slight misquote from As you Like It,V.2.

BkXI:Chap3:Sec3 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 His place in English literature discussed. Falstaff appears in The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V. Chateaubriand quotes from Sonnet XXXVII, verse 3, and from sonnet LXXI. Chateaubriand’s very individualistic assessment of the poet.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec2  Chateaubriand quotes from Cymbeline III.4 line 139.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 Hamlet Act III is perhaps referred to, and the play within a play that reveals past crime.

BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Englishman.

BkXXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from The Winter’s Tale Act 3, Scene 3 line 1, where the stage direction reads: ‘Bohemia. The sea-coast.’

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 See Romeo and Juliet III:5, line 6.

BkXXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 See Othello I:3:164-165. Chateaubriand adapts the lines.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 See Hamlet: III:1:64-65.

 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley

1751-1816. The Anglo-Irish dramatist wrote witty comedies of manners including The Rivals (1775) and School for Scandal (1777). He was an MP from 1780-1812 and recognised as one of the great parliamentary orators.

Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 Chateaubriand heard him speak.

BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 One of his speeches quoted.

 

Siam, Fabric

Material decorated with flowers from which its colours derived, like satin or damask. The text has ‘siamoise flambée’.

BkIII:Chap1:Sec4 The covering of Chateaubriand’s mother’s day-bed.

 

Siam, Rue de, Brest

Its name derives from the visit to Brest of three ambassadors sent by the King of Siam on the 29th of June 1686. They crossed the harbour, landed in Lanvéoc and travelled to the Château of Versailles to be presented to Louis XIV. At that period Siam Street came down to the banks of the River Penfeld and went up towards the Landernau Door.

BkII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand lodged there.

 

Sicard, Roch-Amboise Cucurron, Abbé

1742-1822. Honorary canon for Nôtre-Dame at Paris and a member of the Institut de France from 1795, he served as principal of an academy for deaf-mutes at Bordeaux from 1786 to 1789, at which point he was called to Paris to replace the Abbé de l'Epée, founder of the French institute for deaf-mutes, as the school’s director. Sicard was imprisoned as a royalist sympathizer during the late 1790’s, but was able to avoid execution through the petitions of his staff and students at the institute. Among his written works are two influential books, Mémoire sur l'art d'instruction les sourds-muets denaissance (1789) and Théorie des signers pour l'instruction des sourds-muets (1808-14), which influenced later pioneers in the field, including Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who along with Laurent Clerc started the American School for the Deaf.

BkXVIII:Chap7:Sec2 He was compromised by Armand’s arrest, as a recipient of royalist letters.

 

Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Mrs

1755-1831. The best-known English actress of her generation, she had early theatrical experience in her father’s travelling company. At 18 she married William Siddons, an actor. Brought to the attention of David Garrick, she was engaged by him for a Drury Lane performance in 1775–76, which failed. In 1782, after appearances in the provinces, she played Isabella in Southerne’s Fatal Marriage at Drury Lane. Her success was instantaneous and indisputable, and her fame grew in such roles as Queen Katharine, Desdemona, and Volumnia to the Coriolanus of John Philip Kemble, her brother, with whom she often starred. In the role of Lady Macbeth, which she first played in 1785, and which was her role at her farewell performance in 1812, she was unequalled. Her portrait was painted by Gainsborough and Reynolds, the latter representing her as The Tragic Muse. Her statue, by Chantrey, is in Westminster Abbey.

BkXXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand met her in 1822 when she was sixty-six (she was born on the 5th of July). He had seen her on the stage earlier.

 

Sidoine Apollinaire, Gaius Sollius Modestus Sidonius Apollinaris

c430-after489. A Poet and diplomat, he was Bishop of Auvergne (472). Born in Lyons, he was treated with respect by the Emperor Majorianus for his learning.  He became Urban Prefect of Rome, a patrician and senator. Imprisoned but released by the Goths after their capture of Lyons (474). He was the author of the Panegyrics on the Roman Emperors.

BkIX:Chap13:Sec1 Carmen V is the panegyric to Majorian from which Chateaubriand quotes.

BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 A native of the Auvergne.

 

Sidrac

A Canon of Sainte-Chapelle in Boileau’s Lutrin (Canto I, lines 147-148).

BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sieyès, Emmanual Joseph, Abbé

1748-1836. A clergyman before the Revolution, known as the Abbé Sieyès, His pamphlet Qu’est-ce que le tiers état? (What is the third estate?,1789), attacking noble and clerical privileges, was popular throughout France, and he was elected deputy from the third estate to the States-General of 1789. He advocated the formation of the national assembly, and participated in the writing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the constitution of 1791. As a member of the Convention he voted for the execution of King Louis XVI. His prudent silence enabled him to live through the Reign of Terror. In 1799 he entered the Directory. Later that year he conspired with Napoleon in the overthrow of the Directory, in the coup of 18th Brumaire, and became, with Bonaparte and Roger Ducos, one of the three provisional consuls. His sketch for the constitution of the Year VIII was, however, changed in decisive points by Bonaparte, and Sieyès and Ducos were replaced as consuls. He became senator and senator of the empire and, after the Bourbon restoration, lived in exile (1816–30) in Brussels.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 Apparently opposed to Napoleon on the latter’s return to France from Egypt.

BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Martignac was his secretary in 1798 during his embassy to the Court of Berlin.

 

Sigourney, Lydia Huntley

1791-1865. American verse writer: an extraordinarily copious writer of smooth, sentimental verse, which had great popularity in its day. Her most ambitious effort was a blank verse poem, Traits of the Aborigines of America (1822). Other books were Connecticut Forty Years Since, Pocahontas, etc.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 Title of a poem by her.

 

Siena, Italy

The city in Tuscany is the provincial capital of Siena province.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Pius VII passed through on his way to France in 1809.

 

Silenus

Silenus and his sons the Satyrs were originally primitive mountaineers of northern Greece who became stock comic characters in Attic drama. He was called an autochthon or son of Pan by one of the nymphs. He was Bacchus’s tutor, portrayed usually as a drunken old man with an old pack-ass, who is unable to tell truth from lies. (See the copy of the sculpture attributed to Lysippus, ‘Silenus holding the infant Bacchus’ in the Vatican)

BkVI:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Silesia

A region of east central Europe, extending along both banks of the Oder River and bounded in the south by the mountain ranges of the Sudetes. Politically, almost all of Silesia is now divided between Poland and the Czech Republic. The Polish portion comprises most of the former Prussian provinces of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia, both of which were transferred to Polish administration at the Potsdam Conference of 1945.

BkXX:Chap6:Sec2 Invaded by Frederick the Great in 1740. The Silesian Wars (1740–42 and 1744–45) were part of the general War of the Austrian Succession. By the Treaty of Berlin (1742), Maria Theresa ceded all of Silesia except Teschen and present Czech Silesia to Prussia; this cession was ratified by the Treaty of Dresden (1745). In the Seven Years War, Prussia retained Silesia.

 

Silistria (Silistra), Bulgaria

The chief town of a department in Bulgaria, situated on a low-lying peninsula projecting into the Danube, below Rustchuk and close to the frontier of the Rumanian Dobrudja. In 1828-1829 it offered serious resistance to the Russians under Diebich, who captured the town with the loss of 3000 men. The town was held in pledge by the Russians for the payment of a war indemnity (1829-1836).

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Mentioned.

 

Sillon

Strand linking Saint-Malo to the mainland.

BkI:Chap5:Sec2 BkIX:Chap1:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Simaghan

An Amerindian chief, the father of Atala.

BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Simiane, Diana-Adelaïde de Damas d’Antigny, Comtesse de

Paris hostess. Wife of Charles de Damas. Painted by Madame Le Brun in 1783 and 1789.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Her fashionable soirees.

 

Simon, Antoine

A cobbler. Appointed tutor to Louis XVII. Guillotined 1794.

BkV:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Simon, le Père Richard

1638-1712. A French Biblical Critic and Orientalist, and native of Dieppe, he was the author of a Histoire critique du Vieux Testament (1678) which was condemned for its audacity. It dealt with the books of the Old Testament as if they were ordinary writings, and by this means aroused the enmity of Bossuet and the Port Royalists, through whose influence the whole edition of 1,300 copies was seized and destroyed.

BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Simond, Louis

1767-1831. Born in Lyons he emigrated before the Revolution to the United States where he became a successful New York merchant. In 1810-11 he made a tour of Great Britain where he met De Quincey, who characterized him as a ‘thorough, knowing man of the world, keen, sharp as a razor, and valuing nothing but the tangible and the ponderable.’ (See Society of the Lakes: I) His Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain was published anonymously in 1815. He toured Switzerland in 1817-19 and took Swiss Nationality in 1822. He toured Italy in 1828, and in his Voyage en Italie et Sicilie published in 1828, he pokes fun at established reputations.

BkXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Simonides

c556-c468 Greek lyric poet, Born at Ioulis, the ancient capital of the island of Ceos (Zea, now Kea), Greece, the most westerly of the larger Cyclades islands, south-east of Cape Sounion. At Athens for a time under the patronage of Hipparchus, he seems then to have gone to Thessaly, returning to Athens at the time of the Persian Wars. He was a friend of most prominent Athenians. After the wars he went (with his nephew Bacchylides) to the court of Hiero I of Syracuse, where he was a rival of Pindar. There are only fragments left of his work. Two of his finest epitaphs are on the fallen at Marathon and Thermopylae.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 Mentioned as connected with Zea.

BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 Mentioned as an elegist.

 

Simplicius, Saint

d.483. Pope 468-483. He defended the Council of Chalcedon against the Monophysites heresy of the Eastern empire, and worked for the Italian people against barbarian invaders.

BkXXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Simplon Pass

The Simplon is a mountain pass at 6,589 ft in the Lepontine Alps between Switzerland and Italy. It connects Brig in Valais with Domodossola in Piedmont.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Napoleon had a road built over the pass between 1800-1807.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon’s army crossed in 1800.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand on his way there in September 1833.

BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sinigaglia or Senigallia

A comune, Episcopal See, and port town on Italy’s Adriatic coast, 25 km north of Ancona, in the Marche region, province of Ancona.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in 1828.

 

Sinai

The desert peninsula between the Gulf of Aquaba and the Gulf of Suez, its highest mountain is Mount Sinai where according to the Old Testament Moses received the Ten Commandments.  (Exodus 24)

BkX:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sion, Switzerland

The 2,000-year-old town is the capital of Valais, or Wallis, a canton that is roughly 3/4 French-speaking and lies along the Rhône River between Lake Geneva and the Furka Pass. Although Valais has been part of the Swiss Confederation only since 1815, Sion has had a Catholic bishop since the 4th Century and enjoyed near-sovereign status during the Middle Ages.

BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A letter to Chateaubriand from the Town Council.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Napoleon mentions it.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand recalls his appointment to the Valais.

 

Sirens

The daughters of Acheloüs, the Acheloïdes, companions of Proserpina, turned to woman-headed birds, or women with the legs of birds, and luring the sailors of passing ships with their sweet song. They searched for Proserpine on land, and were turned to birds so that they could search for her by sea. (There are various lists of their names, but Ernle Bradford suggests two triplets: Thelxinoë, the Enchantress; Aglaope, She of the Beautiful Face, and Peisinoë, the Seductress: and his preferred triplet Parthenope, the Virgin Face; Ligeia, the Bright Voice; and Leucosia, the White One – see ‘Ulysses Found’ Ch.17. Robert Graves in the index to the ‘The Greek Myths’ adds Aglaophonos, Molpe, Raidne, Teles, and Thelxepeia.) (See Draper’s painting – Ulysses and the Sirens – Ferens Art Gallery, Hull, England, and Gustave Moreau’s watercolour in the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard)

BkII:Chap7:Sec5 BkVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1

BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Siry, Colonel

He was a Colonel of Gendarmerie in Rome in 1809.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de

1773-1842. A Swiss historian, economist, and critic, he was a member of the circle of Mme de Staël, and a moderate liberal. His History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages (16 vol., 1809–18) made him well-known.  He popularized the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith in his De la richesse commerciale (1802). However, the social effects of the Industrial Revolution in England led him to become a critic of capitalism and a precursor of socialism in Nouveaux Principes d’économie politique (1819). In literary history, his De la littérature du Midi de l'Europe (1813) helped found the romantic school of criticism.

BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 In Paris during the Hundred Days he published articles in the Moniteur in favour of the ‘Supplementary Act’, later published as Examen de la Constitution française.

BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned in Geneva in June 1831.

 

Sisteron

The town in southeastern France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence département is situated on the banks of the River Durance just below the confluences of the rivers Buëch and Sasse. It is sometimes called the ‘Porte de la Provence’ (The Gateway to Provence) because it is in a narrow gap between two long mountain ridges (Baume/Gache and Montagnes de Lure/Moulard).

B