Cacault, François

1743-1805. A Breton diplomat, he negotiated the Treaty of Tolentino (1797). A member of the Legislature, he returned to Rome in February 1801 to negotiate the Concordat with the Pope. He was made a senator in 1804.

BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him as he relinquished his post in Rome in 1803.

 

Cacciaguida

1091-c1147. Dante’s great-great-grandfather, his son was Alighiero I. Cacciaguida’s wife was Alighiera of the Aldighieri family of Ferrara. He took part in Saint Bernard of Clairvaux’s crusade of 1147 under Emperor Conrad III, and was killed during the crusade

BkI:Chap4:Sec2 Chateaubriand quotes Paradiso XVII:58-69, where Cacciaguida foretells Dante’s future, having recalled his ancestry.

 

Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles-Louis

1769-1821. A pharmacist poet, he published various satires, some on Chateaubriand’s works e.g. Atala ou les Habitants du désert of 1801.

BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand confuses him with his son.

 

Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles-Louis-Félix

1789-1861. A Liberal activist he became Mayor of the 4th Arrondissement.

BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 He pulled down the fleur de lis cross from the spire of Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois and inscribed over the porch:  National Property.

BkXXXV:Chap1:Sec1 His proclamation of the 4th of April 1832 included invective against the Carlists.

 

Cadore, Jean-Baptiste Nompère de Champagny, Duc de

1756-1834. French statesman and diplomat, foreign minister under Napoleon I. In 1804 he became minister of the interior, succeeding Talleyrand as foreign minister in 1807. Champagny was responsible for the annexation of the Papal States, for the abdication of Charles IV of Spain, for the Franco-Russian negotiations at the Congress of Erfurt (all in 1808), and for the Treaty of Schönbrunn between France and Austria (Oct. 14, 1809), for which he was made Duc de Cadore. He also negotiated Napoleon’s marriage to Marie-Louise (1810). In 1811 a disagreement with Napoleon led to Champagny's resignation as foreign minister, but he continued in ministerial and senatorial offices. After Napoleon’s fall Champagny adhered to the restored monarchy and was made a peer of France. His Souvenirs appeared posthumously.

BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Quoted.

 

Cadiz

The city and seaport, in Andalusia, in south-west Spain, was founded c1100BC by Phoenician merchants it was taken from the Moors by Alfonso the Wise of Castile in 1262. It prospered as a base for the Spanish treasure fleets, following the discovery of the Americas. 

BkI:Chap4:Sec6 Its affinity with Saint-Malo.

BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 Napoleon laid siege to Cadiz in 1811.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1807.

BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Moreau there in 1804. Chiclana de la Frontera is about five miles north of Barrosa in the Province of Cadiz, where Sir Thomas Graham defeated Marshal Victor on the 5th of March 1811. The Duc d’Angoulême installed his headquarters at Chiclana during the siege of Cadiz in September 1823.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXXXIV:Chap15:Sec1 Cadiz was under siege by the British February 1797 to April 1798. The reference to Napoleon is curious as he was campaining in Italy in 1797, and setting out for Egypt in 1798.

BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The 1823 siege.

 

Cadoudal, Georges

1771-1804. French royalist conspirator. A commander of the Chouans, he led the counter-revolutionists in the Vendée. He fled to England in 1801 after the failure of an attempted assassination of Napoleon. In 1803 he returned as the leader of another conspiracy. Generals Pichegru and Moreau were implicated in the plot. Insurrections were planned in Paris and in the provinces, but the conspiracy was uncovered by Fouché, and Cadoudal was executed. The conspiracy, exaggerated in report, was used as a pretext to transform the Consulate into Napoleon’s empire.

BkXVI:Chap1:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 Arrested on the 9th March 1804.

BkXXVIII:Chap18:Sec1 His trial mentioned.

 

Caen

The city and port in north-west France, capital of the Calvados department, on the River Orne, was captured by the English in 1346 and again in 1417,  and became a Huguenot stronghold in the 17th century.

BkIX:Chap3:Sec1 The governor, Henri de Belzunce was murdered in 1789.

 

Caesar, Gaius Julius

100-44BC. The Roman General became a Consul and Dictator from 49 to 44BC when he was assassinated by Brutus, Cassius and the other conspirators.

BkI:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap16:Sec1

BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 His Commentaries.

BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned, in a reference to Napoleon.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 He captured Marseilles in 49BC, during his conflict with Pompey.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His legions who died at Thapsus (Ras Dimas, on the coast well to the south-east of Carthage) in Tunisia. He defeated Cato the Younger there in 46BC.

BkXIX:Chap1:Sec1 The Julian family claimed to be descended from Iulus the grandson of Venus and Anchises.

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Chateaubriand attributes a poetic nature to him.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Caesar passed through Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor, where he reorganised the provinces before he returned to Rome in 47 BC.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec2 BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Caesar was fighting as an ally of Cleopatra in Alexandria in 48BC. At one point when the Romans were forced to retreat from land to their docked ships, his own galley was sunk and he had to swim 200 paces to another nearby ship to reach safety.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Anecdotes concerning him.

BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap15:Sec2 His refusal of the crown in 44BC.

BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 See Suetonius, Life of Caesar, LXII.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Assassinated in the Senate House on the Ides of March (March 15th 44BC)

BkXXIV:Chap5:Sec1 His literary ability.

BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 As a famous Italian military man.

BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec2 Caesar was deified and his apotheosis identified with the appearance of a comet at the time. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the last pages.

BkXXV:Chap8:Sec1 His conflict with Pompey in the Civil Wars.

BkXXVIII:Chap20:Sec1 His greatness of spirit lacking in Napoleon.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 He crossed the Rubicon in 49BC, with his army, initatiating the Civil War against Pompey.

BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1

Mentioned.

BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 The descendant of Venus, via Aeneas’s father Ascanius, according to legend.

BkXXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 As a historian.

BkXXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Montaigne’s view of his greatness of soul.

BkXXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 A bridge at Mannheim, attributed by Chateaubriand to Caesar.

BkXXXIX:Chap11:Sec1 His age of the world.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 The legions transported to Epirus to fight Pompey in 48BC, left from Brindisium (Brindisi).

 

Caesarea, Maritima or Palaestina, Israel

The town built by Herod the Great about 25 –13 BC, lies on the sea-coast of Israel about halfway between Tel Aviv and Haifa, on the site of a place previously called Pyrgos Stratonos (‘Strato’ or ‘Straton’s Tower,’ in Latin Turris Stratonis).

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Caffarelli du Falga, Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien de

1756-1799. Brilliant commander of the army of the Orient, he had his elbow smashed by a bullet at the siege of Acre. He had already lost his left leg to a cannonball on November 27, 1797, as he was serving under Kléber in the army of Sambre-et-Meuse. In Egypt he was known and adored by the entire army. The soldiers liked to say of him: ‘Caffa doesn't give a damn what happens; he’s always sure to have one foot in France.’ He was also a philosopher, who was elected to the Institute of Egypt on February 13, 1796 in the class of moral and political sciences. He was part of the commission in charge of drafting the regulations of the Institute of Egypt and accompanied Napoleon on the surveys to trace the route of what would one day be the Suez Canal. Stricken with gangrene he died of a fever. Napoleon wrote in the order of the day: ‘Our universal regrets accompany General Caffarelli to the grave; the army is losing one of its bravest leaders. Egypt one of its legislators, France one of its best citizens, and science, an illustrious scholar.’

BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 With Napoleon on the Egyptian Campaign.

 

Caffarelli Palace, Rome

A seventeenth century palace built by Duke Caffarelli on the Capitoline Hill, on the ancient site of Jupiter’s temple to the south-west. Chateaubriand negotiated with Baron Bunsen for a let of the Palace.

BkXXX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Caffe, Monsieur

A contact made by Chateaubriand on his travels.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec4 His letter to Chateaubriand from Alexandria.

 

Cagliostro, Alessandro, Conte di, (Giuseppe Balsamo)

1743-1795. An Italian adventurer, his pretended skills in alchemy and magic gained him fame in Paris and throughout Europe. He was arrested for promoting freemasonry and died in prison in Italy.

BkV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cahuzac, Henri-Roger, Comte de, see de Caux

 

Cairo

The capital of Egypt, in the north on the east bank of the Nile, the Arabic city of El Fustat was founded in 641AD, and from the 9th century as El Qahira it was the capital of the Fatimid, Ayyubite, and Mameluke dynasties. It declined following the Turkish conquest in the 16th century, but revived in the 18th century under Mehemet Ali.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 BkXXX:Chap12:Sec1

BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1

Chateaubriand was there in 1806.

BkXIX:Chap14:Sec2 Napoleon entered Cairo (four miles distant) two days after the Battle of the Pyramids (fought on the 21st of July 1798). Napoleon made his headquarters what is now the Helwan-Shepard Hotel, a former Mameluke Palace.

BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 An example of French influence.

BkXXXVIII:Chap6:Sec1 A reference perhaps to the 10th century Al-Azhar mosque with its many-pillared interior.

 

Calais, France

The port in Northern France, in the Pas-de-Calais department, was besieged and captured by Edward III in 1346 and remained in British hands until 1558.

BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand landed there from Dover on the 6th May (16th Floréal) 1800. His expressed regrets at leaving England were possibly to do with a liaison with Madame de Belloy.

BkXXII:Chap 21:Sec1 Louis XVIII left Dover for Calais on the 24th April 1814.

 

Calcutta (Kolkata), India

The capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, it is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911.

BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Caldiera

It was the location of a wartime engagement in Italy in 1813.

BkXXXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Calendario, Filippo

fl:1340-1360. He was a Venetian architect.

BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 His work on the Ducal Palace. The 13th/14th century palace was built between 1340 and 1420. The main features visible today are 14th and 15th century.

 

Caligula, Gaius Caesar

12-41AD. A Roman Emperor (37-41) he was the son of Germanicus Caesar and Agrippina the Elder. Succeeding Tiberius he initially enjoyed great popularity but his subsequent tyrannical and extravagant behaviour brought allegations of madness. He was assassinated.

BkIX:Chap3:Sec2 Marat compared to him.

BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 His  mother Agrippina, the wife of Germanicus, gave her name to the city of Cologne, Colonia Agrippinensis.

BkXLII:Chap14:Sec1 As an example of a tyrannical ruler.

 

Callisthenes of Olynthus

c360-328BC. A Historian and biographer of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied to Asia, he was a great-nephew and pupil of Aristotle. His Greek history (covering the years 387-356) and three books on the Third Sacred War are lost. During the campaign, Callisthenes’ main duty was to write the Alexandrou praxeis or Deeds of Alexander. In Babylon, Callisthenes supervised the translation of the Astronomical diaries, which were used by Callipus of Cyzicus to reform the Greek calendars. In the summer of 327, Callisthenes voiced protests against the introduction of  proskynesis (an aspect of the Persian court ritual) among the Macedonians, and lost Alexander's favour. He died in prison from torture or disease.

BkXIX:Chap14:Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Callot, Jacques

c1592-1635. A French etcher and engraver, in the service of Cosimo II de' Medici, he created many works: the Capricci, small, vivacious figure groups; gay scenes of Medici court life; the vast Fair at Impruneta (1620); and sparkling illustrations of the theatre among them his Commedia dell'arte group, which was reproduced in his Balli (1621). On Cosimo’s death in 1621, Callot returned to Nancy and, under the patronage of the ducal court, gained a considerable reputation. He became known for his fantasies, grotesques, beggars, and caricatures, then much in vogue. He was commissioned in 1627 by the Infanta Isabella of Brussels to engrave the siege of Breda, and by Louis XIII to etch the sieges of Rochelle and the island of Ré and a series, Views of Paris. Too independent for court favour and deeply affected by the scenes of carnage he had witnessed, he retired to Nancy, where he executed in 1633 his masterwork, the two series entitled Miseries of War. These studies of human brutality and suffering were the first dispassionate, un-romanticized treatment of the horror of war. Callot produced nearly 1,500 plates and 2,000 drawings in a wide variety of styles and subjects. The grandeur and brilliance of his work profoundly influenced many major masters, including Goya, Rembrandt and Watteau. His technical innovations established important procedures for subsequent etchers.

BkXI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de

1734-1802 A French statesman, he was Controller-General of Finances (1783-87). Faced with a huge public debt and a steadily deteriorating financial situation, he adopted a spending policy to inspire confidence in the nation's financial position. He then proposed a direct land tax and the calling of provincial assemblies to apportion it, a stamp tax, and the reduction of some privileges of the nobles and clergy. To gain support, he persuaded King Louis XVI to call an Assembly of Notables, but the Assembly (1787) refused to consider Calonne’s proposals and criticized him bitterly. Dismissed and replaced by Étienne Charles Loménie de Brienne, Calonne fled (1787) to England, where he stayed until 1802. In 1766 he was Procureur-Général of the commission instituted to try La Chalotais.

BkV:Chap1:Sec2 BkV:Chap10:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Declared a traitor in December 1791.

 

Calvin, John

1509-1564. The French Protestant reformer and founder of Calvinism, whose attempts to institute reforms in Geneva in 1536 lead to his exile in 1538. After preaching in Strasbourg he was invited back to Geneva in 1541 living there as its virtual dictator until his death. He sought to re-shape Geneva as a model community where every citizen came under the sway of the Church.

BkXXXIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1

BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Calypso

A demi-goddess, living on the island of Ogygia in Homer’s Odyssey (Bks I, V etc), she detains Ulysses on her island.

BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Camaldoli, Italy

In the Casentino region near Florence, Camaldoli is inhabited by Carthusians, and surrounded by pine forests, from the heights above which, on a clear day, may be seen the Mediterranean and Adriatic.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Camargo, Marie Anne de Cupis de

1710-1770 Born in Brussels. Famous dancer in the Paris Opera Ballet Corps. Debuted at 15 in 1726. Later, mistress of the Comte de Clemont.

BkXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cambacérès, Prince Jean-Jaques Régis de

1753-1824 French revolutionary and legislator, he was deputy to the National Convention and to the Council of Five Hundred, second consul under Napoleon (1799-1804), and Arch-Chancellor of the empire. Throughout his career, his chief interest was in developing the principles of revolutionary jurisprudence. He played a major part in the preparation of the Code Napoléon. In 1808, he was made duke of Parma. Minister of Justice in the Hundred Days (1815), he was exiled after the restoration of the monarchy until 1818.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Involved in the abduction of the Duc d’Enghien.

BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec2 He was a member of the Academy (restored by Bonaparte in 1803) until 1816 when he was expelled. He was regarded as a regicide but his attitude at Louis XVI’s trial was more complex and he suggested a deferred sentence.

BkXIX:Chap9:Sec3 The order was issued on 29th Fructidor Year III (15th September 1795), under Cambacères presidency.

BkXXI:Chap4:Sec4 Napoleon’s unintelligible orders to him in 1812.

BkXXII:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Presided over a French Regency in 1814. He fled Paris with Marie-Louise and the King of Rome.

BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 At Blois with the Regency.

BkXXII:Chap18:Sec1 Welcomed the Provisional Government’s condemnation of Napoleon in April 1814.

BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His numerous nephews mentioned.

 

Cambacérès, Marie Jean-Pierre Hubert de

1798-1881 Nephew of Prince Jean, and page to the Emperor, he was a cavalry Officer, and then lawyer. He was a Senator, and Grand-Master of Ceremonies to Napoleon III. His brother was Etienne-Armande Napoleon (1804-1878), Deputy for the Aisne.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cambrai

The town in north-east France, in the Nord department where Cambric was first made in the 16th century.

BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 The Navarre Regiment garrisoned there.

BkIV:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand leaves Paris en route there in 1786.

BkIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkIV:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand was garrisoned there with the Navarre Regiment in 1786, and passed through again after the Hundred Days with the King.

BkIV:Chap7:Sec1 BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXXIII:Chap19:Sec1 Monsieur de Duras writes from there in 1815.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1

Chateaubriand there in 1815. The League of Cambrai, 1508–10, was an alliance formed by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, King Louis XII of France, Pope Julius II, King Ferdinand V of Aragón, and several Italian city-states against the republic of Venice to check its territorial expansion.

 

Cambyses II of Persia

d522BC King of Persia (529–522) who extended Persian rule throughout the Nile Valley. He was the son and successor of Cyrus the Great. He invaded Egypt, defeating (525BC) Psamtik at Pelusium and sacking Memphis. His further plans of conquest in Africa were frustrated. Cambyses died, possibly by suicide, while putting down an insurrection at home. Darius I succeeded him.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Herodotus (III.25) describes how a Persian army was lost in the Libyan desert due to the khamsin, the desert wind.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 His return to Persia via Palestine.

 

Camden, William

1551-1623. English antiquarian and historian. He wrote the first topographical survey of Britain, and the first detailed historical account of the reign of Elizabeth I.

BkX:Chap7:Sec1 He was a conscientious scholar in editing old manuscripts and in collecting materials of antiquarian interest, many of which were in the British Museum at this time.

BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateabriand had examined several manuscripts with a view to translating them.

 

Camerarius, Joachim

1500-1574. A German classical scholar, humanist and reformer he was born at Bamberg, Bavaria. His family name was Liebhard, but he was generally called Kammermeister, previous members of his family having held the office of chamberlain (camerarius) to the bishops of Bamberg.

BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Camilla

She is a warrior maiden in the Wars of early Latium. See Virgil’s Aeneid Book XI:532 et al.

BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Camoëns, Luiz vaz de, (Luís de Camões)

1524-80 The Portuguese poet, born in Lisbon, he travelled to the Red Sea, Persia and Mozambique and spent some years in Goa, India. After his return to Lisbon in 1572, he published ‘The Lusiads’ recalling the voyages of Vasco da Gama - a work that became the national epic of Portugal.

Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer who travelled extensively.

BkVI:Chap3:Sec1 The Tagus is the great river of Spain and Portugal, which enters the Atlantic at Lisbon. Camoëns ended his days in poverty.

BkVIII:Chap4:Sec1 His Endechas a Barbara escrava, lyric verses for a Barbarian slave-girl.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 Celebrated in a poem by Tasso.

BkXX:Chap7:Sec1 A reference to the Lusiads.

BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap14:Sec1 His journeys in southern waters.

BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Supposedly he had a Javanese servant who attended to his needs in his last days.

BkXL:Chap2:Sec2 His death.

BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 His epitaph on John III of Portugal.

 

Campbell, Sir Neil

1776-1827. English Commissioner for Elba in 1814 (3 May 1814 - 26 Feb 1815, resident). He kept an intimate diary of his time on Elba. He was Governor of Sierra Leone 1826 until his death December 1827.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec1 Commissioner for Elba.

 

Campbell, Thomas

1777-1844. The Scottish poet is best known for his war poems ‘Hohenlinden, ‘The Battle of the Baltic,’ and ‘Ye Mariners of England.’ Among his other volumes of poetry are The Pleasure of Hope (1799), Gertrude of Wyoming (1809); and Theodric (1824).

BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a recognised living poet in 1822.

 

Campo-Formio, Peace Treaty of

The peace treaty between France and Austria, signed near Campo Formio, a village near Udine, north-eastern Italy, then part of Venetia. It marked the end of the early phases of the French Revolutionary Wars. The treaty generally ratified the preliminary Peace of Leoben, signed at the conclusion of Napoleon Bonaparte’s Italian campaign. Bonaparte signed for France, Count Cobenzl for Austria. Austria ceded its possessions in the Low Countries (the present-day Belgium) to France and secretly promised France the left bank of the Rhine, pending later ratification by the estates of the Holy Roman Empire. The republic of Venice, invaded despite its attempts to maintain neutrality, was dissolved and partitioned; all Venetia east of the Adige, as well as Istria and Dalmatia, passed to Austria; the present provinces of Bergamo and Brescia went to the newly founded Cisalpine Republic; the Ionian Islands went to France.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Campo-Franco, Princes de, see Lucchesi-Palli.

 

Camuccini, Vincenzo

1771-1844. A Neo-classical painter of historical scenes, living in Rome and occupying official posts as the Inspector General of Museums and Curator of the Vatican collection.

BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cana, Galilee

The small Arab town of Kafr Cana, north of Nazareth, is considered to be the site of the First Miracle, where Jesus changed water to wine.

BkXIX:Chap16:Sec2 Chateaubriand confuses the healing of John IV:46-54 and that at Capernaum of Luke VII:1-10. It is assumed the first is intended. Kléber fought there on the 9th of April 1799.

 

Canaletto, Giovanni Antonio Canal

1697-1768. A Venetian artist famous for his landscapes, or vedute of Venice, he was a son of the painter Bernardo Canal, hence his nickname Canaletto.

BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Canaris (Kanaris), Constantine

c1793-1877. Greek patriot, admiral, and politician, he distinguished himself in the Greek War of Independence, notably at Tenedos, where he destroyed (1822) the flagship of the Turkish admiral. Kanaris served several terms as minister of the navy and as premier in 1848–49, and became increasingly active in political life. In 1862 he was a leader in the revolution that ousted King Otto and put George I on the Greek throne. Under George I, he was premier in 1864–65 and in 1877.

BkXXVIII:Chap9:Sec1 His letter to his son (he had several, some distinguished, of whom Miltiades, the Admiral and Minister,1822-1899, was one. The eldest was Nicholas, 1818-1848). It was in the strait between Samos and Mount Mycale, during the Greek War of Independence, that Canaris set fire to and blew up a Turkish frigate, in the presence of the army that had been assembled for the invasion of the island, a success that led to the abandonment of the enterprise, and Samos held its own to the very end of the war.

 

Cancale

A fishing village (Ille-et-Vilaine, near Mont St Michel) on the Emerald Coast, first became famous for its oysters which were supplied to royal tables in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was popular later with painters for its scenic charm. The walk from the famous Cancale rock up to the Pointe du Grohin gives superb views of Mont St Michel on a clear day.

BkI:Chap4:Sec4 Attacked by Anson in 1758.

BkI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand passed through in May 1777.

 

Candlemas

The Feast of the Purification of the Virgin on February 2nd.

BkXX:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap2:Sec1 It was customary for the Pope to bless the candles used in the ceremony and send them to the kings of the Catholic world. Napoleon prohibited the gift.

 

Canephores, Canaphori

The Canephori are sculptured figures of youths and maidens bearing baskets on their heads. In ancient Greece the Canephori carried the sacred objects necessary at the feast of the gods. See the Parthenon frieze.

BkV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur Du

1610–1688. French medieval historian and philologist, he is principally known for his Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis (glossary of medieval and late Latin, 1678). It remains the greatest collection ever made of the forms of early Medieval Latin and the oldest Romance languages.

BkII:Chap2:Sec1 His reference to the Quintaine (Quintana).

BkXXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Born at Amiens.

 

Canino, Prince de, see Lucien Bonaparte

 

Cannes

A resort in the Alpes Maritimes department on the French Riviera, developed after Lord Brougham’s purchase of a villa there in 1834.

BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Napoleon landed between Cannes and Antibes on the 1st of March 1815 during his return from Elba.

BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited Cannes in 1838. He arrived on the 28th of July. The 29th was the anniversary of Charles X’s abdication in 1830.

 

Canning, George

1770-1827 British statesman, Foreign Secretary (1807-8 and 1822-27), and Prime Minister, briefly, in 1827, he opposed the French Revolution. He resigned as Foreign Secretary in 1809 in opposition to the management of the Napoleonic Wars. Castlereagh challenged him to a duel in which he was slightly hurt. He again became Foreign Secretary after Castlereagh’s suicide. He supported the revolt of Spain’s American Colonies (1823) and the War of Greek Independence (1825-1827). In 1809 he helped found John Murray’s Quarterly Review with Walter Scott.

Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.

Preface:Sect3. Mentioned, by Chateaubriand, as dying young.

BkVI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec1

BkXXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkX:Chap4:Sec1 Present at the Literary Fund annual meeting in 1822, he was a friend of Chateaubriand. His speech was reported in the Times of the 22nd May. He was President of the Board of Control (in London) of the East India Company from 1816-1821. He had accepted the post of Governor-General of India in April 1822.

BkX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 In April 1822, Canning had accepted the post of Governor--general of India in an attempt to escape from his poverty.  The post carried an annual salary of £25,000.  However, Castlereagh’s suicide left open the post of Foreign Secretary, to which Canning was appointed in September 1822, serving in this capacity until he became Prime Minister in April 1827 following the death of Lord Liverpool.

BkXII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned as a man of letters in 1822.

BkXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 His Catholic Peers Bill of 1822.

BkXXVII:Chap9:Sec1 His likely appointment as Foreign Secretary.

BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 His appointment as Foreign Secretary was made official on the 16th of September 1822 after Chateaubriand had left London.

BkXXVIII:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec2 BkXXXIII:Chap1:Sec1

Mentioned.

BkXXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s correspondence with him.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1827.

 

Canning, née Joan Scott, Lady

1776-1837. She and George Canning had four children including Charles John 1st Viscount Canning Governor-General of India.

BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriand’s reception in 1822.

 

Canova, Antonio

1757-1822 An Italian sculptor, he was called ‘the supreme minister of beauty,’ and ‘a unique and truly divine man’ by contemporaries, and was considered the greatest sculptor of his time. Despite his lasting reputation as a champion of Neoclassicism, his earliest works displayed a late Baroque or Rococo sensibility that was appealing to his first patrons, nobility from his native Venice. In competition, he produced his statuette of Apollo Crowning Himself, a work inspired by ancient art that came to define the Neo-classical style. The success of the Apollo enabled the young sculptor to obtain a block of marble for his next work on a large scale, Theseus and the Minotaur, which established his reputation. From the moment of its completion, it was the talk of Rome. From then until his death, his renown grew throughout Europe.

Preface:Sect3. Mentioned by Chateaubriand.

BkXV:Chap7:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand visited his studio in Rome in January 1803. His Hercules and Lichas was completed in 1815.

BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec2 His 11-foot high statue of Napoleon as Mars of 1810 is displayed at the Duke of Wellington’s London residence Apsley House. It was acquired by the Prince Regent in 1816 and offered to Wellington.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 One of his marble busts of Madame Récamier as Beatrice is in Lyons.

BkXXXIX:Chap7:Sec1 Canova’s pyramidal Tomb in the Frari in Venice was created by his pupils from his design for Titian’s tomb. Of his remains, his heart is in the Frari tomb, his body in his native church at Possagno. He produced four variants on the Hebe, the last is in the Forli Museum, while his Magdalen is in the Hermitage Museum.

BkXXXIX:Chap8:Sec1 His monument for Admiral Angelo Emo (1795).

BkXXXIX:Chap15:Sec1 Count Cicognara’s admiration for him. Chateaubriand attributes a Leda to him.

BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 He used Contessa Benzoni’s hands, as a model.

Cantal, France

The Cantal is the southern part of the Auvergne Volcanoes National Park, a relatively unknown part of the Massif Central in France.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Mentioned.

 

Capefigue, Jean-Baptiste Honoré Raymond

1802-1872. A writer for La Quotidienne in 1827, he collaborated on a number of papers under the July Monarchy, land was also a prolific Royalist historian.

BkXXVIII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Capelan, correctly Caparan, Abbé Arnaud-Thomas

1754-1826. A native of Dol, later professor at Rome.

BkXI:Chap5:Sec1 Taught Chateaubriand Hebrew in London in 1798-99.

 

Capellari, Bartolomeo Alberto, Cardinal

1765–1846, The future Pope, Gregory XVI (1831–46), born in Belluno; successor of Pius VIII. In 1783 he became a Camaldolite and was (1825) created cardinal. Gregory was a conservative both in politics and theology, and he was continually opposed by liberals throughout Europe. In 1831 the Carbonari outbreaks spread to Rome, and only Austrian help suppressed them. He nearly came to an open break over anticlerical legislation in Spain and Portugal, and he had a long controversy with Prussia. Gregory was actively interested in propagating the faith in England and the United States. He was succeeded by Pius IX.

Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.

BkXXX:Chap1:Sec1 A candidate for the Papacy in 1829.

BkXXX:Chap1:Sec2 An anti-Jesuit voter.

BkXXX:Chap4:Sec1 Supported as a candidate by France.

BkXXXV:Chap19:Sec1 Pope in 1832. Ancona was part of the Papal States.

BkXL:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Capelle, Guillaume Antoine Benoît, Baron

1775-1843. Secretary General of the Alpes Maritimes (1800), he was Prefect of the Mediterranean (1808), and Léman (1810). He was suspended by Napoleon for leaving his post in Geneva, in 1813, when the Austrians approached. Her remained in prison until Napoleon’s fall, and then went over to the Bourbons. He signed the July 1830 decrees, and was condemned to prison for life, but released by Louis-Philippe.

BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap10:Sec1 In Ghent in 1815.

BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet as Minister for Commerce in May 1830, and created the ministry of Public Works.

BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 He had taken refuge in Holland.

 

Capets, Les

The Capetians were the ruling dynasty of France from 987 to 1328. Hugh Capet founded the dynasty.

BkIX:Chap1:Sec1 Louis XVI was a descendant of the Capetians.

BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 Fontainebleau as a seat of their power.

BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1

BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1  Mentioned.

 

Capet, Hugh

c940-996. The son of the Count of Paris, Hugh seized the throne after the failure of the Carolingian line.

BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1

BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXLII:Chap9:Sec1 He was the founder of the Capetian dynasty.

 

Capitan-Pasha

The title was given to the Chief Admiral of the Turkish Ottoman fleet.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 The landing at Aboukir of 25th March 1801.

 

Capitol

The southern summit of the Capitoline Hill of Rome, but used as a name for the whole Hill.

BkI:Chap4:Sec5 Mentioned.

 

Capo-D’Istria, Giovanni Antonio, Count

1776–1831. A Greek and Russian statesman, b. Corfu, after administrative work in the Ionian Islands he entered (1809) Russian service and was until 1822 a close adviser in foreign affairs to Czar Alexander I; he represented Russia at the Congress of Vienna. After his resignation and retirement to Switzerland in 1822, he actively elicited support for Greek independence. In 1827 the Greek national assembly elected him president of Greece. He was a dedicated reformer, and by both his military and diplomatic policies between 1828 and 1831 he helped Greece secure larger boundaries than it otherwise would have. However, his excessively ambitious modernization programs as well as his autocratic methods, nepotism, factionalism, and Russian affiliations aroused opposition and led to his assassination.

Preface:Sect1 Chateaubriand mentions meeting him.

 

Capponi, Gino, Marquis

1792-1876. A member of an old Florentine family, and a great traveller in his youth, he had lived in Vienna, London and Paris. In Florence from 1821, he played a major role in the political and intellectual life of the Risorgimento, as head of the liberal party.

BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 In Rome in March 1829.

 

Capri

The Roman Capreae, the Italian island lies at the south-west entrance to the Bay of Naples. Its mild climate and fine scenery attracted the Romans to build there, and the Emperor Tiberius retired there.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec3

Mentioned.

 

Capua

Capua was the royal capital of ancient Campania, at the time of the Wars in Latium, described in Virgil’s Aeneid. Proverbially in French it stands for excessive luxury. See Baudelaire’s The Voyage.

BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Capuchins

The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, an independent order of Franciscans founded in Italy in 1525–1528 and dedicated to preaching and missionary work.

BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 Their monastery was near the Place Vendôme (Rue des Champs, Cours des Capucines). Robertson set up his magic lantern show there in 1797.

BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned with regard to Rome.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Mentioned with regard to Cadiz.

BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 The Swiss Capuchins of Lucerne.

BkXXXV:Chap14:Sec1 The Capuchin hospice on the Saint-Gothard Pass.

BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Their monastery in Venice on San Cristoforo.

 

Caraman, Victor-Louis-Charles Riquet de, Marquis, then Duc de

1762-1839. In his youth he travelled extensively. As an émigré he associated with the Duc de Richelieu. Sent as Ambassador to Berlin in 1814, he was made a Marquis in 1815. He was then made Ambassador to Vienna until 1828.

BkXXVII:Chap10:Sec1 A plenipotentiary with Chateaubriand at the Congress of Verona.

BkXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to him in Vienna in 1824.

BkXXXII:Chap10:Sec1 In the Chamber of Peers on 30th July 1830.

 

Caraman, Georges de Riquet, Comte de

1790-1860. Diplomat. Son of the Marquis.

BkVI:Chap1:Sec1 First secretary in London from 1816. Chateaubriand had him moved to Stuttgart.

 

Carbonari

The Carbonari (‘charcoal-burners’) were members of a secret society in early 19th century Italy which advocated constitutional government. They emerged as opponents of Murat’s rule in Naples and spread widely in Northern Italy, paving the way for the unification of Italy.

BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXL:Chap6:Sec1

BkXLI:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 Pellico was a leading member.

BkXLII:Chap3:Sec1 The French Carbonari were organised on the Italian model.

 

Carcassonne

A town in south west France, it is the capital of the Aude. The medieval fortified town is on the right bank of the River Aude, the modern town on the left bank.

BkXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Pius VII passed through on his way back to Italy in 1814.

 

Cardigny, Sergeant

He was a member of the escort for Pius VII on his journey to France after his arrest.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Carghese, Corsica

The town near Ajaccio, settled by Greek Mainotes in the seventeenth century,

BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Letizia Bonaparte fled there in 1793 en route to Marseilles.

 

Carignan, Eugène de Savoie, Prince de

1753-1785. Younger son of the Sardinian royal family, and brother of the Princess de Lamballe, married Élisabeth Magon de Boisgarein. Though the Magons were one of the richest commercial families of Saint-Malo, the marriage was considered a misalliance, and dissolved by an act of Parlement.

BkII:Chap3:Sec2 The marriage mentioned.

 

Carignan, Élisabeth-Anne de Boisgarein, Princesse de

1765-1834. Wife of Prince de Carignan.

BkII:Chap3:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Carline, Marie-Gabrielle Malagrida

1763-1818 Actress at the Théâtre-Italien.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary)

A spa city situated in the western part of the Czech Republic on the confluence of the Ohře and Teplá rivers. Karlovy Vary is named after Emperor Charles IV, who founded the city in the 1370s. It is historically famous for its hot springs.

BkXXXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXVII:Chap12:Sec1 Madame la Dauphine there in May 1833.

BkXXXVIII:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand arrived there on Friday 31st of May 1833, departing again on the evening of the 1st of June. In 1711, Mlýnské lázně (Mill Baths, Mühlenbad), the first public spa facility in Carlsbad, were built on the site of the present Mlýnský pramen (Mill Spring). They were re-built in 1762 with a financial contribution from Maria Theresa.

BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 A tour of the town. The Sprudel is the principal spring which now rises inside the 1879 Sprudel Colonnade. The hot mineral waters, Sprudelkessel, rise from the hard Sprudelschale rock. The 16th century Cemetery Church of St Andrew is on Ondřejská Street. The oldest Carlsbad church it was originally in Gothic Style: the adjacent cemetery was de-consecrated in 1911, and became the Mozart Park.

BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s visit to the Dauphine.

 

Carmagnole

Originally a short jacket with metal buttons, introduced in to France by workers from Carmagnola in Piedmont, it became popular in Marseilles, and was brought to Paris by the Federalists. Worn with black woollen trousers, red or tricoulour waistcoats, and red caps it was taken up by the Jacobins. It was also the name of a dance and a popular song. Like the Ça ira it was banned by Napoleon when he became First Consul.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Revolutionary wear.

 

Carmel, Mount

A well-known mountain ridge in Palestine, usually called in the Hebrew Bible Hakkarmel (with the definite article), ‘the garden’ or ‘the garden-land.’ In later Hebrew it is known simply as Karmel, and in modern Arabic as Kurmul, or more commonly as Jebel Mar Elias (Mountain of St. Elias). At its extremity, near the sea, Mount Carmel looks like a bold promontory which all but runs into the waves of the Mediterranean. This north-western end of Carmel is about nine miles southwest of Acre.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand sees it for the first time on 30th September 1806.

 

Carmelites

The Roman Catholic religious order founded in the mid 12th century by St Berthold (d. c 1195) who claimed direct inspiration from Elijah and established a monastery on Mount Carmel. In the 16th century the order was reformed by St Teresa of Avila.

BkIII:Chap4:Sec1 BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 BkIX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 On the 10th of August 1792 the people of Paris marched on the Tuileries. The fall of the constitutional monarchy was followed by the September massacres. On Sunday 2nd September a small gang of armed men burst into the Carmelite Convent off the Rue de Vaugirard where a hundred and fifty priests had been imprisoned, and slaughtered them. This was the first of many massacres in the prisons of Paris over the next few days.

 

Carnot, Lazare

1753-1823. A French revolutionary, he was known as the organizer of victory, for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars. A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution. A member of the Legislative Assembly, the Convention, and the Committee of Public Safety, he made himself almost indispensable through his military knowledge. After the fall of Robespierre, Carnot managed to avoid punishment for his own part in the Terror and became a member of the Directory. He was ousted from the Directory in the coup of 18 Fructidor (September 1797) and fled abroad. He returned in 1799 and served as Minister of War (1800) and in the tribunate under Napoleon. In the next few years he wrote several works on mathematics and military engineering; in 1810 appeared his masterpiece, De la défense des places fortes, long considered the classic work on fortification. Carnot was the best-known advocate of the principle of active defence. In 1814 he returned to active service and conducted the defence of Antwerp. In the Hundred Days he served as minister of the interior. Exiled after the restoration of the monarchy, he died in Magdeburg, Prussia.

BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Opposed Barras in seeking to nominate the commander of the Army of Italy.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 A letter from Bonaparte to him of 9th May 1796.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 He was ousted in the coup of 4th September 1797 (18th Fructidor) when the monarchists were elminated from the Directory.

BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 The quotation is from his Mémoire au Roi (1814).

BkXXII:Chap 24:Sec1 His Mémoire addressé au Roi en juillet 1814 was a violent indictment of the Restoration.

BkXXIII:Chap12:Sec1 Suggested by the liberals as War Minister in 1815.

BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 BkXXX:Chap10:Sec1 A member of the executive committee. He had been responsible for ordering executions at Avignon in 1791.

 

Charon (Fr: Caron)

In Greek myth, he is the boatman of the underworld who conveys the dead across the River Styx to Hades.

BkXXXIX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Carraci, Annibale, and Augustino

1560-1609. A Bolognese painter, Annibale worked with his brother Augustino (1557-1602).

BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon shipped artworks back to France. A number of paintings were returned in 1815.

BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 The Carracis and their pupils decorated (1597-1608) the great halls of the Farnese Palace in Rome.

 

Carrel, Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Armand

1800-1836. A Historian and journalist, after first becoming a soldier and fighting for the Catalonian Foreign Legion, he became known as a writer in various periodicals; but it was not till he formed his connection with the National that he became a power in France. The National was at first conducted by Adolphe Thiers, François Mignet and Carrel in collaboration; but after the revolution of July, Thiers and Mignet assumed office, and the whole management was left to Carrel. Under his direction the journal became the foremost political organ in Paris. As the defender of democracy he had to face serious dangers. He was twice involved in duels with editors of rival papers, before the dispute which led to his final duel with Émile de Girardin which was minor, and might have been amicably settled had it not been for Carrel’s own obstinacy. The meeting took place on the morning of July 22 1836. De Girardin was wounded in the thigh, Carrel in the groin. The wound was at once seen to be dangerous, and Carrel was conveyed to the house of a friend, where he died after two days.

BkXXII:Chap15:Sec3 Friend of Chateaubriand.

BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Editor of the National.

BkXXXII:Chap2:Sec1 Resisted the attempt to seize the National’s presses on the 27th July 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap4:Sec1 At a meeting of the monarchist party on 28th July 1830.

BkXXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 Dined with Chateaubriand in Paris on the 13th of September 1831. Chateaubriand left for Paris on the 2nd and returned on the 14th. The Café de Paris was on the Boulevard des Italiens.

BkXXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 His friendship with Chateaubriand. His Mémoires sur la guerre de Catalogne (1828).

BkXXXV:Chap26:Sec1 Present at Chateaubriand’s trial in 1833.

BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 His romantic attachment was for Emilie Antoine, the ‘friend’ who retired to Verdun after his death.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned in 1833.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s description of his life and politics.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 His imprisonment, and death in a duel. His opponent was Émile de Girardin, editor of La Presse. He was born on the 8th of May 1800 in Rouen, on the day Chateaubriand left Calais for Paris. His tomb at Saint-Mandé has a statue of Carrel by D’Angers.

BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Carrel, Monsieur

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Father of Armand, he was a wealthy merchant in Rouen.

 

Carrel, Nathalie

She was the sister of Armand.

BkXLII:Chap4:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Carrier

1756-1794. A French revolutionary, he was a prominent Jacobin. He was guilty of atrocities at Nantes.

BkXIX:Chap10:Sec1 Guillotined in 1794.

 

Carrio

According to Rousseau he was Titular Secretary to the Spanish Embassy in Venice, chargé d’affaires in Sweden, and Secretary to the Spanish Embassy in Paris. He took the name Chevalier de Carron.

BkXXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned in Rousseau’s Confessions.

 

Carron, Abbe Guy-Toussaint-Joseph

1760-1821 Biographer. Born in Rennes, he was exiled to Jersey in 1790 with other recalcitrant priests. In London, where he lived from 1792 to 1814, in 1796 he founded two schools, a hospital and seminary. Returning to Paris he directed the Marie-Thérèse Institute (1814) and was a mentor to Lamennais.

BkIV:Chap2:Sec2 He wrote a life of Julie de Farcy, contained in his Vie des justes dans les différentes conditions de la vie, which Chateaubriand appended to the manuscript of the Memoirs.

BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London.

 

Cartagena, Spain

The port is in south-east Spain in Murcia on the Mediterranean Sea. Founded by the Carthaginians, it was destroyed in 1243 by Ferdinand II of Castile, but under Philip II of Spain became a major port in the 16th century. It is Spain’s main naval base.

BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Carteaux, Jean Baptiste François, General

1751-1813. A French painter who became a general in the Revolutionary Army. He is notable chiefly for being the young Napoleon Bonaparte’s incompetent commander at the siege of Toulon in 1793.

BkXIX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap9:Sec1 His attack on Avignon in July 1793, which sickened Napoleon who was involved, as an example of civil war.

BkXIX:Chap11:Sec1 Present in Paris during Vendémiaire, 1795.

 

Carthage

An ancient city of North Africa, near modern Tunis, it was traditionally founded by Dido of Tyre in 814BC. It became a major Phoenician force in the Mediterranean, It fought three major wars with Rome in a century (246-146BC) and finally defeated, was totally destroyed. Re-founded by Julius Caesar in 45BC, it became a commercial, cultural and administrative capital of Roman Africa, the capital of the Vandal Kingdom (439-533 AD) and a Byzantine outpost until destroyed by the Muslims in 697AD.

BkIII:Chap9:Sec1 BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1

BkXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1

Mentioned.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 Carthage, Texas.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 BkXXIX:Chap13:Sec4 Dido of Carthage appears in Virgil’s Aeneid.

BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 The fortification at Saint-Michel de Maurienne was attributed to Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps in 218BC.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 BkXX:Chap7:Sec2 BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1

BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand was there in 1807. The ancient city stood on the Hill of Byrsa. The Romans levelled the hill burying a few remnants of the city which have been excavated: in Chateaubriand’s time there was little to see of the original city.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 BkXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand on the harbours of Carthage. The ancient artificial harbour, the Cothon, is represented today by two lagoons north of the bay of al-Karm (el-Kram). In the 3rd century BC it had two parts, the outer rectangular part being for merchant shipping, the interior, circular division being reserved for warships; sheds and quays were available for 220 warships. The harbour’s small size probably means that it was used chiefly in winter when navigation almost ceased. Megara was the southern suburb of the city, south of Byrsa and the citadel, near the Bay of Tunis.

BkXVIII:Chap4Sec1 Punic means Carthaginian. The Latin adjective Punicus is derived from the Greek Phoinix, meaning Phoenician.

BkXXII:Chap 26:Sec1 It’s traditional foundation by Dido in 814BC.

 

Carthusians

A minor order of monks of the Roman Catholic Church, it was established by St. Bruno at La Grande Chartreuse near Grenoble in France in 1084. The Carthusians are peculiar among orders of Western monasticism in cultivating a nearly eremitical life: each monk lives by himself with cell and garden and, except for communal worship, scarcely meets the others. No order is more austere. The Carthusian enclosure is called a charterhouse in English, and its architecture differs necessarily from that of the Benedictine abbey. The Charterhouse of London was famous, and the Certosa di Pavia, Italy, is an architectural monument.

BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXIII:Chap4:Sec1 The Chartreuse de Paris, demolished during the Revolution.

BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 La Grande-Chartreuse, the mother-house of the Order lies in a high valley of the Alps of Dauphine, at an altitude of 4268 feet, fourteen miles north of Grenoble. Medieval writers were awestruck by the desolation of the spot, and Martene, who visited it in 1760, writes: ‘One cannot conceive how it could enter into the mind of man, to establish a community in a spot so horrible and so barren as this.’

 

Cartier, Jacques

1491-1557 French sailor born at Saint-Malo. Jean La Veneur recommended Cartier to François I who charged him with discovering unknown lands between Newfoundland and Labrador and to find a new passage towards India and China. He began a series of sponsored voyages to North America and took possession of Canada in the name of the King of France in 1534.

BkI:Chap4:Sec5 A native of Saint-Malo.

BkI:Chap4:Sec8 Mentioned.

BkVI:Chap5:Sec3 Explored along the coast of Newfoundland.

BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians. He named the Baye des Chaleurs (the Bay of Warmth) at Carleton near Quebec in 1534.

 

Caserta, Italy

The monumental complex at Caserta, near Naples, was created by the Bourbon king Charles III in the mid-18th century to rival Versailles and the Royal Palace in Madrid.

BkXXIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 An example of French influence.

 

Cassandra

The daughter of Priam and Hecuba, gifted with prophecy by Apollo, but cursed to tell the truth and not be believed. She was taken back to Greece by Agamemnon. (See Aeschylus: The Agamemnon)

BkXXXIII:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand compares himself to her as a prophet not understood in his own time.

 

Cassano, Italy

The battle of Cassano d’Adda in the French Revolutionary Wars was fought on April 27 1799 near Cassano d’Adda. It resulted in a victory for the Austrians and Russians (Second Coalition forces) under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov over the French troops, left behind in Italy by Napoleon during his Egyptian campaign.

BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cassiodorus Senator, Flavius Magnus Aurelius

c490-c583 Roman writer, statesman and monk. Governor of Lucanaia and Bruttium under Theodoric, he was Praetorian Prefect under Amalasuntha (Amalaswintha) and with her pursued the Romanisation of Ravenna. After her death and the Byzantine re-conquest he retired to his monastery Vivarium built on his own estate. His many writings include a History of the Goths (526-533), a work on music, his letters and religious works. He laboured to unite Roman and Gothic culture.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec2 BkXLII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cassius

Caius Cassius Longinus, d. 42 BC was a leader in the successful conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. He fought as a quaestor under Marcus Licinius Crassus at Carrhae in 53; and saved what was left of the army after the battle. He supported Pompey against Caesar but was pardoned after the battle of Pharsalus. He was made (44) peregrine praetor and Caesar promised to make him governor of Syria. Before the promise could be fulfilled, Cassius had become ringleader in the plot to kill Caesar. The plot involved more than 60 men (including Marcus Junius Brutus, Publius Servilius Casca, and Lucius Tillius Cimber) and was successfully accomplished in the Senate on the Ides of March in 44; When the people were aroused by Antony against the conspirators, Cassius went to Syria. He managed to capture Dolabella at Laodicea and coordinated his own movements with those of Brutus. Antony and Octavian met them in battle at Philippi. In the first engagement Cassius, thinking the battle lost, committed suicide.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 He and Brutus were icons of the French Revolution.

 

Castelbajac, Vicomte de

1776-1868. Deputy for Gers in 1815 and 1816, he was a powereful orator of the ultra-royalist right. He represented Haut-Garonne in the Chamber of Peers from 1827.

BkXXV:Chap9:Sec1 Involved closely with the Conservateur to which he provided 41 articles.

 

Castellane, Cordelia (née Greffulhe), Comtesse de

1796-1847. Chateaubriand’s mistress for a few months in 1823, and later a close friend.

BkXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXX:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand writes to her

 

Castelnau, Michel de

c1520-1592. A French diplomat and soldier, he early attracted the favourable notice of the cardinal of Lorraine (Charles de Guise) and performed important services for Anne, Duc de Montmorency, and King Henry II. In the religious wars he went on missions to England, Scotland, the Netherlands, and Savoy and fought in the royal army; from 1575 to 1585 he served as ambassador to England. Upon his return he fell out with the Guises and rendered valuable services against the Catholic League to King Henry III and King Henry IV. Although a Catholic, he favoured a policy of moderation toward the Huguenots. He left valuable memoirs.

BkVI:Chap8:Sec1 His Memoirs lack a final book.

 

Castiglioni, Cardinal, see Pope Pius VIII

 

Castlereagh, see Londonderry

 

Castor

The son of Tyndareus of Sparta and Leda, and twin brother of Pollux, noted for his horses and horsemanship.

BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 His horsemanship.

 

Castries, Claire Clemence Henriette Claudine de Maillé, Marquise later Duchesse de

1796-1861 The daughter of Duchesse Henriette Victoire (née Fitz-James) and the Duc de Maillé, she did not become a Duchess until 1842, and bore the title of Marquise previous to that time. She was separated from the Duc de Castries, whom she had married in 1816, as the result of a famous love affair with Prince Victor Metternich eldest son of the Austrian Chancellor, by whom she had a son in 1827. Her lover died of tuberculosis shortly after. The Marquise gathered round her a group of intellectuals, among whom were the writers Balzac (who modelled the Duchesse de Langeais on her), Musset, and Sainte-Beuve, and continued active in literary and artistic circles until her death

BkXXIX:Chap14:Sec1 In Rome in December 1828.

 

Castro, Juan de

1500-1548. He was a Portuguese naval officer and fourth Viceroy of the Portuguese Indies.

BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 Montesquieu tells the anecdote in his Persian Letters LXXVIII. Juan borrowed money against his moustache which he cut off, and later redeemed.

 

Castro, Inès de

1325-1355. A Galician noblewoman, daughter of Pedro Fernandez de Castro, she was the lover and posthumously declared lawful wife of the Portuguese King Peter (Pedro), according to his testimony, and was therefore Queen of Portugal. She was murdered by King Alfonso V.  Peter, who became King in 1357, took Inês’ body from the grave and forced the court to swear allegiance to her as queen. She was later buried at the Monastery of Alcobaça (in central Portugal) where her marble coffin can still be seen today just opposite of her king’s. Both coffins were carved out of marble and exquisitely sculpted with scenes from their lives and a promise by Peter that they would be together ‘ate a fim do mundo: till the end of the world’.

BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned. The incident is questionable.

 

Catchfly

Chateaubriand’s conise translates as flybane or catchfly (or possibly as O.F. conyse=fleabane which does not however appear to match the sense of a sticky plant). The Silene (Family: Caryophyllaceae) contain a number of sticky herbs and plants Chateaubriand may have been familiar with, including Silene gallica, the Common or French Silene, and Silene armeria whose hairy stems exude a sticky sap that captures small insects trying to steal nectar without pollinating the flowers. Hence, the common name, Catchfly. However Philip Ashmole advises me that: ‘the plant that was noted as gumming up the goats’ beards was almost certainly the Gumwood Commidendrum robustum, once very abundant on the island but now endangered (see St. Helena and Ascension Island: A Natural History by Philip and Myrtle Ashmole: published by Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, 2000. ISBN: 0904614611.) The other possibility is the Scrubwood Commidendrum rugosum, a smaller Gumwood relative that was then common in the lower parts of the island. But I think that in the area of Napoleon’s tomb the Gumwood is much more likely.’

BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 In the Valley of the Tomb, on St Helena.

 

Cateau-Cambrésis, France

The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was signed between Elizabeth I of England and Henry II of France on April 2 and between Henry II and Philip II of Spain on April 3, 1559, at Le Cateau-Cambrésis, around twenty kilometers south-east of Cambrai. Henry II of France died during the tournament held to celebrate the peace, his eye being pierced by a sliver that penetrated the brain, from the shattered lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the King’s Scottish Guard.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Chateabriand there in 1815.

 

Cathelineau, Jacques

1759-1793. Leader of the Vendéans in their revolt against the French Republic, he was a peasant by birth. Mortally wounded in attacking Nantes, he was remembered by the peasants of La Vendée as the ‘Saint of Anjou’. BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Catherine II

1729-1796. Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia (1762-1796) gained the throne in a coup when her husband Peter III (1728-1762) was assassinated. She fought successful wars against the Turks and engineered the partition of Poland, expanding Russian territory.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Catherine de Médici

1519-1589. Regent of France (1560-1563) during the minority of her second son Charles IX she was virtual ruler till his death in 1574. The daughter of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino, she married Henry II of France in 1533. She was largely responsible for the St Bartholomew’s Day massacre. Her influence waned during the reign of her third son Henry III.

BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 Henri IV regarding her Maids of Honour.

 

Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catalina

d. 62BC. The Roman politician plotted to seize power in 62BC. Thwarted by Cicero, Catiline fled to a rebel force in Etruria while his fellow conspirators were executed. He was defeated and killed in battle.

BkV:Chap12:Sec1 Mirabeau compared to him.

BkXXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 The revolutionaries compared to him.

BkXXXIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Catinat, Nicolas

1637-1712. A Marshal of France. The son of a magistrate, he won promotion by merit rather than by wealth or descent. In the War of the Grand Alliance he commanded against Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, whom he defeated in N Italy at Staffarda (1690) and at Marsaglia (1693). Early in the War of the Spanish Succession, he commanded the French army in Italy, against Prince Eugene of Savoy, but after suffering reverses he was replaced. He retired in 1705 and later wrote his memoirs.

BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 Victor at Marsaglia, near Turin, against the Duke of Savoy on the 4th of October 1693.

 

Cato the Elder, Marcus Portius Cato

234-149BC. A Roman statesman he wrote the first history of Rome. A moral and political conservative, as Censor in 184 he legislated against luxury and sponsored improvements in public works. He opposed Carthaginian power in the Mediterranean, and supported the Third Punic War in 149 which destroyed Carthaginian influence. He was taken as an example of moral uprightness and severity.

BkI:Chap3:Sec3 Chateaubriand’s brother eulogised as a Cato by his mother.

BkVI:Chap7:Sec1 A representative of early Roman severity.

 

Cato of Utica

Marcus Portius Cato, the Younger, 95-46BC was a Roman politician, the great-grandson of Cato the Elder, and an opponent of Julius Caesar. He supported Pompey in the Civil War in an attempt to save the Republic. He escaped to Utica in North Africa after Pompey’s death, but committed suicide after Caesar’s victory at Thapsus. He was taken as an example of loyalty to an ideal, and he figures as a moral exemplar in Dante’s Purgatorio.

BkX:Chap8:Sec2 A quotation follows from Addison’s play Cato, Act V, Scene 1, the first verse of Cato’s monologue before committing suicide.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His house at Utica.

BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 A moral exemplar.

BkXXIX:Chap7:Sec2 Addison’s play mentioned.

BkXXXVII:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Catullus, Valerius

c84-c54BC. The Roman poet was born in Verona. He became the leader of the new poetic movement in Rome, his poems including those to Lesbia, elegies and satires.

BkXI:Chap4:Sec1 The quotation, addressed to his brother, given in Catullus LXV, lines 9-11, depends on a plausible reconstruction of the missing mid-section of lines 9 and 10.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 He celebrated Lake Garda where his family had a villa. See Catullus XXXI.

BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 He was born in Verona.

 

Cauchie, Anne

A long-lived lady of Dieppe, she was still of sound mind at a hundred and fifty years old in 1645.

BkIV:Chap10:Sec2 Cauchie also the name of La Martinière’s flame! Chateaubriand found the reference in a history of Pigianol de la Force’s.

 

Cauchois-Lemaire, Louis François Auguste

1789-1861. A French journalist, he was proprietor of the Liberal Nain jaune. He took refuge in Brussels 1816-1819. He was imprisoned in 1821 and 1827. In 1836, he founded a new opposition journal Le Siècle, but abandoned journalism for history and took a post in the Royal Archives.

BkXXXII:Chap11:Sec1 A member of the Republican Municipal Commission in July 1830.

 

Caud, Jaques-Louis-René de

1727-1797 Brother in law of Chateaubriand. Captain of Guard at Fougères, retired 1791, at the age of 69 he married Lucile de Chateaubriand, on the 2nd August 1796. Died at Rennes 15th March 1797.

BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 His marriage to Lucile.

BkXII:Chap6:Sec1 BkXIII:Chap8:Sec1 His marriage, one of convenience for Lucile, terminated in her leaving him in February 1797 just before his death.

 

Caud, Lucile-Angelique de Chateaubriand, Madame de, see Lucile de Chateaubriand

 

Caudine Forks

The Caudine Forks, 321 BC, was a decisive battle during the Samnite Wars. The Romans chose a route though the Apennines (near Caudium between Capua and Benevento) entered only by two defiles, between which they were trapped. Were the Samnites to set the Romans free without harm, they would gain the Roman’s friendship. Were they to kill the entire Roman army then Rome would be so weakened that it would not pose a threat for many generations. The idea of a middle way was rejected as antagonising the Romans without weakening them.  According to Livy, the Romans were made to surrender and pass under the yoke. This was agreed to by the two commanding consuls, as the army was facing starvation. Livy describes in detail the humiliation of the Romans. It is an example used to illustrate the dangers of the middle way in strategic settlements, for example the humiliation of Germany after World War I without a total weakening of her powers.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicenza

1772-1827 Aide-de-camp to Bonaparte at the time of the execution of the Duc d’Enghien. He was ambassador to Saint Petersburg, and French Foreign Minister under the Empire.

BkXVI:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Caulaincourt was put in charge of the operation to clear émigrés from Offenburg, relieving Ordener who was sent to Ettenheim with 300 dragoons and a detachment of the gendarmerie to seize the Prince, his accomplices and his papers.

BkXVI:Chap7:Sec1 He carried a letter to Strasbourg from Talleyrand destined for the Grand-Duke of Baden.

BkXX:Chap12:Sec1 BkXXI:Chap1:Sec1 His opposition to the Russian Campaign.

BkXX:Chap13:Sec1 His view of the pretexts for the Russian War.

BkXXI:Chap5:Sec1 His reaction to the retreat.

BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Accompanies Napoleon on the journey back to France.

BkXXI:Chap8:Sec1 Accompanied Napoleon during the retreat.

BkXXII:Chap19:Sec1 His negotiations with Alexander in Paris in 1814.

BkXXII:Chap 23:Sec1 BkXXIII:Chap11:Sec2 His involvement in the Restoration.

BkXXIII:Chap14:Sec1 He was appointed as Napoleon’s Foreign Minister during the Hundred Days.

BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec2 A member of the executive committee.

 

Caulaincourt, Auguste-Jean-Gabriel, Comte de

1777-1812. He was the brother of Armand-Louis. A talented cavalry officer, he served as Louis Bonaparte’s Master of Horse in Holland for a period of time before returning to the French military. In the Russian Campaign, Caulaincourt was in charge of Napoleon’s headquarters. On Montbrun’s death at Borodino, Caulaincourt was ordered to assume Montbrun’s command. Murat ordered him to charge the Great Redoubt, and he responded, ‘You shall see me there, dead or alive.’ As he led the charge, he was killed.

BkXXI:Chap3:Sec1 At Borodino.

 

Caumont, Marie-Constance de Lamoignon, Marquise de

1774-1823. Married ‘Auguste’ Luc Nompar, Duc de la Force, de Caumont.

BkXI:Chap2:Sec4 Emigrated to London.

 

Causans, Jacques de Vincens de Mauléon, Marquis de

1751-1826 An army officer and deputy of the nobility of Orange to the Estates General.  He emigrated in 1791 and his estates were confiscated.  When he returned after 1800, he tried to reconstitute his estates that had been divided among various family members in his absence.  Under the Restoration he was given the rank of  Lieutenant-General (April 1814), and he was elected representative to the House of Deputies for the Vaucluse from 1815 until his death. 

BkII:Chap3:Sec1 Lieutenant-Colonel of the Conti infantry regiment in 1778 (Commanded from 1774).

BkII:Chap3:Sec2 He escorts Chateaubriand round the camp.

 

Cauterets

A spa town, and commune of the Hautes-Pyrénées département, in southwestern France, Cauterets is located 32 kilometres south-west. of Lourdes in the valley of the Gave de Cauterets.

BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Chateaubriand there at the end of July 1829.

BkXXXV:Chap12:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in August 1832.

BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Caux, Louis-Victor de Blacquetot, Vicomte de

1775-1845. An officer of engineers, and Councillor of State from 1817, he became a successful administrator in the War department from 1823, and War Minister in 1828.

BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 BkXXXII:Chap9:Sec1Minister of War, 1828.

 

Caux, Louis Henri de Roger de Cahuzac, Comte de

d.1839. He became a diplomat after the Restoration, and was First Secretary in Berlin from September 1820. In 1823 Chateaubriand sent him on a mission to the Spanish provisional government. He became a Plenipotentiary at Hanover before resigning after the July Revolution.

BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 A secretary at the Berlin Embassy in 1821.

 

Cavaignac, Godefroy

1801-1845. A Republican.

BkXXXII:Chap16:Sec1 At the Palais-Royal on the 31st of July 1830.

 

Cayla, Zoé Talon, Comtesse du

1784-1850. A protégé of Madame Campan during the Revolution, she was supported by Monsieur and the Congregation, contributed to Decazes’ dismissal before replacing him in the King’s favour, whom she brought closer in the latter years of his reign to his brother and the Royalist right.

BkXXV:Chap4:Sec1 A favourite of Louis XVIII.

 

Cazalès, Jacques de

1758-1805. A captain of dragoons in 1785, deputy to the States General in 1789, he defended the monarchy against Mirabeau and Barnave. He resigned after the arrest of the King, and emigrated to join the army of the Princes in 1792. He returned to France in 1803. His Discours et opinions was published in 1821.

BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A noted revolutionary orator.

 

Cazotte, Jacques

1719-1792. Educated by the Jesuits, at the age of 27 he obtained public office in Martinique. It was not till he returned to Paris in 1760 with the rank of commissioner-general that he made his public debut as an author. His most popular work was the Diable amoureux (1772), a fantastic tale in which the hero raises the devil. Around 1775 Cazotte embraced the views of the Illuminati, declaring himself possessed of the power of prophecy. It was upon this event that Jean-François de la Harpe based his famous jeu d'esprit, in which he represented Cazotte as prophesying the most minute events of the French Revolution. On the discovery of some of his letters in August 1792, Cazotte was arrested; and though he escaped for a time through the efforts of his daughter, he was executed the following month.

BkX:Chap1:Sec1 His ballad La Veillée de la Bonne Femme ou le Réveil d’Enguerrand.

 

Cecilia Metella, see Metella

 

Cecrops

He was the legendary founder of Athens.

BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 mentioned.

 

Cedron

The ravine on the east of Jerusalem lies between the Holy City and the Mount of Olives. The word Cedron is usually connected with the root Qadár, ‘to be dark’, and taken to refer to the colour of the stream or ravine; but its exact origin and precise meaning are unknown.

BkI:Chap3:Sec2 The monks of Saba and their politics there are mentioned.

BkXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Celakowsky, Franz Ladislaus

1799-1852. A disciple of Herder and Goethe, he developed 19th century Slav poetry.

BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Celestines

This Benedictine congregation must not be confused with the Franciscan congregation of the same name. The order was founded in 1254 by Pietro di Murrone, afterwards Celestine V. At first the saint gave no written rule to his monks, but by his own life he provided an ideal for them to strive after. In 1264 Urban IV confirmed the order, and gave to it the Rule of St. Benedict. It was again confirmed by Gregory X in 1274.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec1 The Celestine monastery at Avignon was founded in 1393.

 

Cellamare, Conspiracy

Antonio del Guidice, Prince of Cellamare (1657-1733), the Spanish ambassador in France, under instructions from Cardinal Alberoni, plotted with the Duke and Duchess of Maine to overthrow the Regent and appoint Philip V king of France. The Cellamare plot was foiled and the Duke of Maine was jailed from 1718 to 1720. Alberoni retired to Italy in disgrace.

BkXLII:Chap10:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Celles, Antoine, Comte de Vischer de

1779-1841. A Prefect under Napoleon ultimately in Amsterdam in 1811, he then entered the service of Holland, and was sent to Rome to negotiate a new Concordat.

BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 BkXXX:Chap6:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Celles, Louise-Felicite-Philippine de Valence, Comtesse de

1787-1828. The wife of the Comte.

BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Celles, Pulchérie, de Vischer de

1811-1888. Daughter of the Comte.

BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1

 

Celles, Antonine, Vischer de

1812-? Daughter of the Comte.

BkXXIX:Chap5:Sec1

 

Cels, Jacques-Philippe-Martin

1740-1806. He was the creator of a botanical garden at Montrouge, stocking rare plants, which he converted into a celebrated nursery.

BkXXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Céluta

She was the niece of Chactas in Les Natchez.

BkVIII:Chap3:Sec1 BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 The original of the fictional character, who marries René.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkXXXVIII:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cencius

He was a nobleman of Rome, a cousin of the Imperial Prefect, friendly to Henry IV of Germany, who ordered an attack on Pope Gregory VII in 1075.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cenis, Mont

A pass (6893 ft.) in Savoy (France), it forms the limit between the Cottian and Graian Alps. A carriage road was built across it between 1803 and 1810 by Napoleon. To the south-west of the Mont Cenis is the Little Mont Cenis (7166 ft.) which leads from the summit plateau (in Italy) of the main pass to the Étache valley on the French slope and so to Bramans in the Arc valley (7 m. above Modane). This pass was crossed in 1689 by the Vaudois, and by some authors is believed to have been Hannibal’s Pass over the Alps. Lanslebourg is on the Arc at the foot of the pass.

BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec2 Chateaubriand passed it in 1803.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Napoleon’s transport route to and from Italy.

BkXX:Chap9:Sec3 Pius VII crossed it in 1812.

 

Cephalus

An Athenian prince, the grandson of Aeolus.

BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Loved by Eos (Aurora), the Dawn. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses Bk VII:661-758.

 

Cephisus

There were two Rivers named Kephisos in Attika over which this river god presided. The first had its headwaters in the foothills of Mount Parnes, flowing past Athens to enter the Saronic Gulf just south of Peiraios.
The second flowed from Mount Kithairon, through the Nysian plain, to enter the sea near the town of Eleusis.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 BkXVIII:Chap3Sec5 The Athenian Cephisus (Cephissus) and its irises.

BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand implies the Athenian Cephisus.

 

Cerberus

The mythological three-headed watchdog of the Underworld, the foam from his jaws was venomous.

BkVII:Chap6:Sec1 Presumably the snake’s venom is the point of the reference.

BkXXXVI:Chap9:Sec1 An expression for any harsh doorman or guard.

BkXLI:Chap6:Sec1 The guardian of the land of the dead. The Dauphin died at Göritz in 1844.

 

Ceres

The Corn Goddess in Roman mythology, Demeter is her Greek equivalent. She is the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and Jupiter’s sister. As Demeter she is represented in the sky by the constellation and zodiacal sign of Virgo, holding an ear of wheat, the star Spica. It contains the brightest quasar, 3C 273. (The constellation alternatively depicts Astraea.) The worship of her and her daughter Persephone, as the Mother and the Maiden, was central to the Eleusinian mysteries, where the ritual of the rebirth of the world from winter was enacted. Ceres was there a representation of the Great Goddess of Neolithic times, and her daughter her incarnation, in the underworld and on earth.

BkI:Chap6:Sec2 BkIX:Chap7:Sec2 Goddess of the wheat fields.

BkVIII:Chap4:Sec2 Her daughter Persephone was raped and stolen away by Dis (Pluto), the God of the Underworld.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec4 Goddess of bread and flour.

BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 A canephorus is a sculptured Greek (youth or) maiden carrying a basket on the head at the feast of Demeter, Dionysus, or Athene.

BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Goddess of the crops, therefore the hop fields.

 

Cervantes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

1547-1616. Nicknamed the Cripple of Lepanto. The Spanish novelist, in 1571, fought at the Battle of Lepanto. Returning to Spain he was captured by pirates and imprisoned for five years in Algiers. After 1580 he worked in the civil service while writing a pastoral novel La Galetea (1585) and several plays. His fame rests on Don Quixote (1605, Part II 1615) his picaresque novel about a self-deluding knight errant and his squire, Sancho Panza.

Preface:Sect4 An example of a writer involved with the events of his times.

BkIX:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 The Knight of La Mancha was Don Quixote, who tilted at windmills and espoused lost causes in a spirit of crazed chivalry. For the second reference see Don Quixote Part I: XVIII.

BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 See Don Quixote Part I: XXXIX, XL and XLI.

 

Cesarotti, Melchior

1730-1808 A Paduan Hellenist, at the University his literary progress gained him the chair of rhetoric, and in 1768 the professorship of Greek and Hebrew. On the invasion of Italy by the French, he wrote in support of their cause, received a pension, and was made knight of the iron crown by Napoleon I. He was a translator of Homer and Ossian.

BkXXIV:Chap11:Sec1 Napoleon read Ossian in his translation.

BkXL:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cesena, Italy

A city of Emilia, in the province of Forlì (Italy), in the former Papal States it is situated on a hill at the base of which flows the Savio.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Pius VII was born there.

 

Cessac, Jean-Gérard Lacuée, Comte de

1752-1841. Member of the Legislature, then Brigadier and Member of the Council in 1795, he was a Councillor of State in 1801, Minister under Napoleon 1810-1813. He was made a Peer in 1831.

BkXLII:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Ceva, Battle of

16th-17th April 1796. Augereau took the castle at Ceva, a town in Italy in the province of Cuneo, in the region of Piedmont. It lies 33 miles east of Cuneo. In the middle ages it was a strong fortress defending the confines of Piedmont towards Liguria. The fortifications on the rock above the town were demolished in 1800 by the French.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Cézembre, Saint-Malo

Following plans designed by Vauban, engineer Siméon de Garangeau (1647-1741) extended the town, revamped its fortifications and built sea forts on the small islands off the city, Petit Bé, Grand Bé and Fort Royal, later renamed Fort National, La Conchée, and Cézembre.

BkI:Chap3:Sec4 Mentioned.

 

Chabot, François

1759-1794. A French revolutionary, he had been a Franciscan friar before the Revolution. After the civil constitution of the clergy he continued to act as constitutional priest, becoming grand vicar of Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois. He was later elected to the Legislative Assembly, sitting at the extreme left and forming with Claude Bazire and Merlin de Thionville the ‘Cordelier Trio’. Re-elected to the Convention, he voted for the death of Louis XVI. He opposed the proposal to prosecute the authors of the massacre of September, as there were heroes of the Battle of Jemmapes among them. Some of his sayings are well known, such as ‘Christ was the first sans-culotte.’ Compromised in the falsification of a decree suppressing the East India Company and in a plot to bribe certain members of the Convention, especially Fabre d'Églantine and Claude Bazire, he was arrested and brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal. He was condemned and executed at the same time as the Dantonists.

BkXXV:Chap2:Sec1 A revolutionary priest.

 

Chabrol de Crouzol, Christophe-André-Jean, Comte de

1771-1836. Prefect for the Rhône 1814, 1815 and 1818, then Deputy for the Puy-de-Dôme 1820, he became a Peer of France in 1823. He was named Minister for the Navy in August 1824, and took part in Polignac’s ministry until his dismissal 18th May 1830.

BkXXVIII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXVIII:Chap16:Sec1 Opposes Villèle over the disbanding of the National Guard in April 1827. He is charged with drawing up nominations for the Cabinet.

BkXXXI:Chap5:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet in 1829.

BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Retired from the Cabinet in May 1830.

 

Chabrol de Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspard, Comte de

1773-1843. Brother of Christophe, he was Prefect for the Seine 1812-1833. A poyltechnician he did much to pave Paris and give it gas lighting. He had been in Egypt with Bonaparte.

BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned in 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap6:Sec1 His name invoked on the 29th of July 1830.

 

Chactas

A character in Atala (1801) by Chateaubriand, he is an old Natchez Indian who meets René and tells him the story of his youth. Rescued from captivity by a young Indian girl, Atala, who was consecrated to the Virgin, he met a priest Père Aubry who wished to convert Chactas and unite him to Atala. She would not break her vow, and preferred to die.

Preface:Sect2. BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1

BkXXVI:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 He appears in Les Natchez.

BkVIII:Chap2:Sec1 A native of the Floridas.

BkXIII:Chap6:Sec1 Popular engravings of him.

 

Chaillot, Paris

A district of Paris, where the Pompe de Chaillot steam pumping plant built by the Périer Brothers that supplied Paris with water from about 1782 stood close to what is now the Pont de l’Alma.

BkXIII:Chap6:Sec2 BkXXXII:Chap12:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXXV:Chap7:Sec1 Dr. Pinel’s Sanatorium there, almost facing the Rue des Vignes, later became a Convent of the Assumption.

 

Chaise-Dieu, La

A French commune, located in the Haute-Loire in the Auvergne, La Chaise-Dieu derives its name from the Latin casa dei (House of God), in reference to the Benedictine abbey which was founded on the site in 1043 by Robert de Turlande. Pope Clement VI began his vocation as a monk at Chaise Dieu and was the patron of the vast abbey church (built 1344–1350). The monks were driven out and the abbey secularized during the French Revolution. Clement’s vast abbey church, his tomb and the abbey cloister remain. BkXXXV:Chap11:Sec1 Its fresco of the Dance of Death (ca 1470) is a famous example of the motif that gained wide currency following the visitations of the Black Death.

 

Chaldeans

The inhabitants of southern Babylonia in ancient times, their civilisation reached its height under Nebuchadnezzar II (reigned 604-562BC), centred on the rebuilt city of Babylon, and dominated the Middle East until overthrown by the Achaemenians in 539.

BkX:Chap1:Sec1 Noted astronomers, responsible for early star-charts, and planetary and star-tables.

 

Chalmel, Abbé

He was the chaplain at Combourg.

BkII:Chap2:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Châlons-sur-Marne, now Châlons-en-Champagne, France

Capital of the Marne department, and the Ardenne-Champagne region, the city lies 93 miles east of Paris in north-eastern France on the right bank of the River Marne. Tradition has it that Attila the Hun was defeated near there during his attempt to invade France, at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451, by the Roman general Aëtius and the Visigoth Theodoric. It is the centre for the Champagne wine trade.

BkXXVIII:Chap21:Sec1 Madame Récamier, exiled from Paris, withdrew there in 1811.

BkXXXVIII:Chap10:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833.

 

Chalus, France

A small village and commune in the Haute-Vienne département of France, in the Limousin région.

BkXXXI:Chap1:Sec2 Richard I of England was killed there by a crossbow bolt, shot by one Pierre Basile, while besieging the castle in 1199.

 

Cham, Ham

Noah’s younger son saw his father’s nakedness, while his brothers Shem and Japheth covered their father’s nakedness.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 See Genesis IX:20-27

 

Chambéry, France

A town in Savoy (Rhône-Alpes), and its capital since the 13th century, it lies in a valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse. It is associated with the House of Savoy.

BkXIV:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1803. Bayard had been page of the Duke of Savoy there. Rousseau stayed with Madame de Warens there.

 

Chambord, France

The largest castle in the Loire Valley, it was built to serve only as a hunting lodge for King François I who maintained his royal residences at Château de Blois and at Château d’Amboise. The original design of the Château was by Domenico da Cortona, but it was altered considerably during the twenty years of construction (1519‑1539). Leonardo da Vinci, a guest of King Francois at Clos Lucé near Amboise, is believed to have been involved in the original design.

BkXIX:Chap13:Sec1 BkXXII:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Chambord, Comte de, see Henri V

 

Chambray, Georges, Marquis de

1783-1848. An artillery officer, and the author of the anonymous Histoire de l'expedition de Russie. Par M*** (1823), among other works.

BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Quoted.

 

Chamfort, Sébastien-Roch Nicolas

1741-1794 Moralist. He is remembered for his maxims and epigrams. His acute observations on literature, morals, and politics made him popular at court, despite his republican beliefs. In the Reign of Terror, he was denounced, and committed suicide.

BkIII:Chap6:Sec1 He admired Lucile.

BkIV:Chap12:Sec2 Ginguené was one of his followers.

BkIV:Chap12:Sec4 Description. Raised in Clermont, a bastard son of the procureur-général Dauphin de Leyval.  After the fall of the Girondins, and Marat, Chamfort was hard pressed. He was denounced in September 1793 and imprisoned, subsequently under house arrest, After a warning he tried to commit suicide (according to Ginguené) first with a pistol then a razor on the 15th November; he died probably of his wounds on the 13th April 1794.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkV:Chap15:Sec2 Argued with Chateaubriand over his politics.

BkIX:Chap6:Sec2 His reaction to the invasion of the Tuileries in 1792.

BkXI:Chap2:Sec2 A native of the Auvergne.

 

Chamisso, Ludolf Adelbert von (Louis Charles Adelaide de Chamisso de Boncourt)

1781-1838. A German poet and naturalist, he was born at the Château de Boncourt, France. He served as page at the court of Frederick-William II of Prussia and, after army service and travels, became keeper of the royal botanical gardens. He edited (1804-6) the Musenalmanach and was a member of Mme de Staël’s circle. His sentimental poetic cycle Frauenliebe und Leben (1830) was set to music by Schumann. Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte (1814) is his tale of a man who sold his shadow to the devil. He also wrote plays, an account of his travels in the Pacific (1836), and a work on linguistics (1837).

BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him in Berlin in February 1821. He had taught at Napoléon-Vendée, founded by Napoleon, now La Roche-sur-Yon, in the Pays-de-la-Loire, for a few months (1810-1811). His ancestral home Château de Boncourt was in Champagne. His poem Das Schloss Boncourt was written in 1827.

 

Chamisso, Charles Louis Marie Hippolyte, Comte de

1769-1841. A royalist, and editor of La Notice, he was a page to Louis XVI, and elder brother of Adelbert.

BkXXVI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Chamonix, France

The town in eastern France in the Haute-Savoie department near the Swiss and Italian borders. It is close to Mont Blanc.

BkXVII:Chap3:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in 1805.

BkXXXV:Chap16:Sec1 Montenvers is connected to Chamonix by a rack and pinion railway, and is an access point for the Mer de Glace glacier.

 

Champa

The best candidate for Chateaubriand’s tchampas is the champa of Sanskrit literature, Plumeria, or Frangipani e.g. Plumeria rubra, which has been grown on St Helena as an exotic introduction. R.O. Williams, in his manuscript book ‘Plants on St Helena’ (1989) lists Plumeria rubra (Frangipani) and mentions that ‘Strangely, except for the Jamestown valley it does not thrive.’ The common name ‘Frangipani’ comes from a sixteenth-century Italian noble family, a marquess of which invented a plumeria-scented perfume. Known as the Temple Tree, Pagoda Tree, Champa or Khairchampa in different parts of India, Frangipani (Family Apocynaceae) is one of the most extensively grown flowering trees. An emblem of immortality to both Buddhists and Muslims, it is frequently planted near monasteries and graveyards. The tree is grown in temples also for its daily supply of sweet, scented, fresh and creamy flowers. The exotic flowers open, bloom and fall on the earth almost throughout the year in temperate climates. It is not to be confused with champak another highly perfumed species of evergreen timber tree (Michelia champaca) native to India, with fragrant orange-yellow flowers that yield oil used in perfumery, and the flowers of which Indian women wear in their hair. (See Shelley’s Indian Serenade. ‘The Champak odours fail...’)

BkXXIV:Chap12:Sec1 In the Valley of the Tomb on St Helena.

 

Champagny, see Duc de Cadore

 

Champagny, Nicolas Charles Stanislas Marie Louis Nompère, Vicomte de

1789-1863. Marshal, and Under Secretary of State for War in 1830.

BkXXXII:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Champaubert, France

The town in north-eastern France.

BkXXII:Chap9:Sec1 Napoleon fighting there in February 1814. He almost destroyed a Russian corps in Blücher’s army.

 

Champcenetz, Louis-René Quentin de Richebourg, Chevalier de

1759-1794. An officer of the French Guards, he was a collaborator in the production of the Actes des Apôtres.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1. BkX:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Champlain, Samuel de

1567-1635. French explorer. In 1603, following in Cartier’s footsteps, he explored the St Lawrence and the coast from a base in Acadia. In 1608 he founded a colony at Quebec – New France – of which he became commandant in 1612. When Quebec was captured by the English in 1620 he was taken prisoner. Lake Champlain which he visited in 1609 is named after him.

BkVII:Chap10:Sec1 His description of the Canadian Indians.

 

Champlâtreux

The chateau, at Epinay near Luzarches 17 miles north of Paris, was built between 1751 and 1753 for Jean-Baptiste Molé, President of the Paris Parliament, who married the daughter of Samuel Bernard, financier to Louis XIV and Louis XV.

BkXIV:Chap1:Sec1 Inherited by Mathieu Molé.

 

Champmeslé, Marie Desmares, called La

1642-1698. French actress. She made her first appearance on the stage at Rouen with Charles Chevillet (1645-1701), who called himself Sieur de Champmeslé, and they were married in 1666. By 1669 they were playing in Paris at the Théatre du Marais, her first appearance there being as Venus in Boyer’s Fête de Venus. The next year, as Hermione in Racine’s Andromaque, she had a great success at the Hôtel de Bourgogne. Phèdre was the climax of her triumphs, and when she and her husband deserted the Hôtel de Bourgogne, it was selected to open the Comédie Française on the 26th of August 1680. Here, with Mme. Guérin as the leading comedy actress, she played the great tragic love parts for more than thirty years. La Fontaine dedicated to her his novel Belphégor, and Boileau immortalized her in verse.

BkXIII:Chap9:Sec1 Her role as Iphigénie.

 

Champollion, Jean-Francois

1790-1832. A French classical scholar, philologist, orientalist, and Egyptologist, Champollion is generally credited as the father of Egyptology. Based on work by Thomas Young and William Bankes, Champollion translated parts of the Rosetta stone in 1822, showing that the ancient Egyptian was similar to Coptic, and the writing system was a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs.

BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 A friend of Charles Lenormant.

BkXLII:Chap18:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand uses the Hebrew name Mezraim for Egypt.

 

Chantelauze, Jean-Claude-Balthazard-Victor de

1787-1859. Keeper of the Seal (Chancellor and Justice Minister) from May-July 1830. He was subsequently condemned and detained until 1836.

BkXXXI:Chap7:Sec1 Joined the Cabinet briefly in 1830.

 

Chanteloup, France

The village is near Amboise. Of the château, the country seat of the Duc de Choiseul, only the well-known pagoda remains.

BkIX:Chap2:Sec1 BkXXXIX:Chap1:Sec1 Barthélemy joined Choiseul in exile there.

 

Chantilly, France

A town and Château, it lies in the Oise. Rising from the confluence of the Seine and Oise rivers, twenty miles north of Paris, the Château de Chantilly is one of France’s largest estates. Built in 1560 by the architect Jean Bullant, for Anne de Montmorency, it came into the hands of the Condé family at the end of the 18th century.  During the French Revolution, all of its works of art were transferred to the Louvre and it was used as a prison.  Its last royal owner, the Duc d’Aumale donated the estate to the Institut de France in 1886. Its vast collection of manuscripts includes the fifteenth-century Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. The White Queen’s Castle is a 12th century hunting lodge. The Commelle lakes, or pools, were laid out between 1204 and 1208 by the monks from Chââlis Abbey.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Chateaubriand left Paris to spend a fortnight at Chantilly with his secretary Pilorge, on the 28th October 1837, to complete the manuscript of Le Congrès de Vérone.

BkXVI:Chap2:Sec3 Birthplace of the Duc d’Enghien.

BkXXXVII:Chap14:Sec1 The Condé family seat.

 

Chapelier, correctly Le Chapelier, Jean, also called Isaac

1754-1794. Deputy for Rennes, he was the founder of the Breton Club (Jacobin Club). He introduced a motion in the National Assembly which prohibited guilds and trade unions. Le Chapelier and other Jacobins interpreted demands by Paris workers for higher wages as contrary to the new principles of the Revolution. The measure was enacted law on June 14, 1791 (It was subsequently known as the ‘Le Chapelier Law’) and effectively barred guilds and trade unions in France until 1884. During the Terror, he temporarily emigrated to England, but returned to France in 1794 in a hopeless effort to prevent the confiscation of his assets. He was arrested and guillotined on the 22nd April 1794 with Chateaubriand’s brother and Malesherbes.

BkV:Chap12:Sec2 Introduced Chateaubriand to opposition deputies.

BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriand’s brother.

 

Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier

1626-1686. Chapelle, and François Lecoigneux de Bachaumont (1624-1702) were poets and authors of Voyage en Provence et en Languedoc (1656).

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec5 Quoted.

 

Chaptal, Jean-Antoine-Claude, Comte de Chanteloup

1756-1832. French chemist, industrialist, and statesman. He became (1781) professor of chemistry at Montpellier, and during the Revolution he was active in gunpowder production. Later, as minister of the interior (1801–9) and director-general of commerce and manufactures (1815) under Napoleon he introduced far-reaching reforms in medicine, industry, and public works. His writings pioneered the application of chemical principles to industrial processes.

BkXIII:Chap11:Sec2 Became a supporter of Napoleon.

BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand met him At La Chartreuse in 1805. At the start of the Consulate, he bought the estate of Chanteloupe which had belonged to the Duc de Choiseul. He developed sugar-beet production which replaced sugar cane production in Europe. Sugar cane has been known for at least 2200 years. Alexander’s army saw it during his conquest of India in 326BC. Theophrastus described ‘honey produced from reeds’, while Dioscorides, in the first century AD, described ‘a honey called sakkharon collected from reeds in India and Arabia Felix with the consistency of salt and which could be crunched between the teeth’. Hence Chateaubriand’s ‘Indian reeds’: sugar cane being cultivated throughout the Mediterranean, and planted by the Spanish in the West Indies.

 

Chardel, Casimir

1777-1847. A judge in the Seine Tribunal and a Paris Deputy.

BkXXXII:Chap8:Sec1 Named as Commissioner for Postal Services of the Municipal Commission, 29th July 1830.

 

Charenton

A suburb located to the south-east of Paris, Charenton-le-Pont lies at the junction of the Marne and Seine. A large mental hospital known as Charenton is situated in neighbouring Saint-Maurice, and the word Charenton is often used in French to signify an asylum, as Bedlam is used in English.

BkII:Chap7:Sec5 On the 22nd of October 1685 the Act of Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was registered, and on the same day the Protestants were notified by a public spectacle that its execution had commenced. The great Church of Charenton built by the celebrated architect Jacques Debrosse, and capable of containing 14,000 persons, was razed to the ground, and a cross twenty feet high, adorned with the royal arms, was erected over the demolished edifice.

BkXXXIX:Chap17:Sec1 Mentioned, as the easterly direction from central Paris.

BkXXXIX:Chap19:Sec1 The asylum at Charenton mentioned.

 

Charette, François Athenase de La Contrie de

1763-1796. He served in the Navy under Toussaint de La Motte-Picquet, notably during the American War of Independence. He quit the Navy in 1789 and emigrated to Coblenz in 1792 (a common move for royalist aristocrats). He soon returned to France to live on his estate in Machecoul. In 1793, the Revolt in the Vendée broke out, and the peasants fighting against the Republic asked him to be their leader. He joined Cathelineau and fought in most of the battles of the "Armée catholique et royale". After the dispersal of the Vendean leaders in september 1793, he retired with his men. He became the leader of Basse-Vendée and successfully used guerilla warfare against the Republican troops, even managing to capture a Republican camp in Saint-Christophe, near Challans. On the 17th of February 1795, Charette signed a peace treaty with the emissaries of the National Convention, but broke his parole and returned to battle in July to help the invasion by emigrated aristocrats at Quiberon. The Count of Artois made him Lieutenant General, but he refused to lead the Royal Army. Charette later refused to join Orléans. Pursued by General Louis Lazare Hoche, he was defeated at Quiberon; wounded, he was captured and executed by firing squad in March 1796.

BkV:Chap7:Sec1 BkXI:Chap3:Sec2 BkXXXV:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Chariot

A Paris auctioneer.

BkXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned

 

Charlemagne

c742-814. King of the Franks (771-814), and the first post-classical western Emperor (800-814), he was the son of Pepin the Short. He conquered the Saxon tribes, and became King of Lombardy (773). Having subsequently conquered most of Western Christendom he was crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III, His court at Aix-la-Chapelle became a major administrative and cultural centre as part of the Carolingian Renaissance.

BkVII:Chap11:Sec1 The opening of his tomb c.1450.

BkIX:Chap8:Sec2 Louis XI instituted a cult of Charlemagne and in 1483 offered a reliquary and a cover of cloth of gold to re-clothe his tomb, as well as an annual offering paid until 1775. Louis XVI offered his predecessor’s mortuary robe for the tomb.

BkXIX:Chap14:Sec1 His epic stature.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec3 Charlemagne created a type of academy, called the palace school or scola palatina, in Aachen. Another one was founded near Noyon by Carolingian leaders. The staff of scholars; the aristocrats and clergymen; and Charlemagne himself, shared the vision of educating the population in general, and of training the children of aristocrats in how to manage their lands and protect their states against invasion or squandering. These initiatives foreshadowed the rise, in the 11th century, of the universities of Western Europe.

BkXXI:Chap2:Sec1 His piety before battle.

BkXXI:Chap7:Sec1 His empathy. The source of the quote not known. Literally it means ‘the savage child trapped by the ice while playing on the Ebro.’

BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 An almost mythical figure of medieval legend.

BkXXIV:Chap17:Sec1 Mourned at his death, the death of an age.

BkXXIX:Chap12:Sec1 The feudal period following him.

BkXXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Charleroi

The town in south-central Belgium is on the River Sambre.

BkXXIII:Chap18:Sec1 Taken by Napoleon’s troops on the eve of Waterloo.

 

Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen, Archduke,

1771-1847. The son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747 – 1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745 – 1792), he was also a younger brother of Francis II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of Austria’s army.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec1 In 1795 he served on the Rhine, and in the following year was entrusted with the chief control of all the Austrian forces on that river. His conduct of the operations against Jourdan and Moreau in 1796 marked him out at once as one of the greatest generals in Europe.

BkXIX:Chap12:Sec2 Thwarted at the Tagliamento River in March 1797.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec2 Signed an armistice with Moreau at Steyr in December 1800.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 In the short and disastrous war of 1805 Archduke Charles commanded what was intended to be the main army in Italy, but events made Germany the decisive theatre of operations, and the defeats sustained on the Danube neutralized the success obtained by the archduke over Masséna in the Battle of Caldiero.

BkXX:Chap10:Sec1 Defeated at Eckmühl in April 1809, but caused Napoleon grievous damage at Aspern-Essling.

 

Charles-Edward, see Stuart

 

Charles-Emmanuel  IV of Savoy, King of Sardinia

1751-1819. Brother-in-law of Louis XVI, who, widowed, abdicated in June 1802 in favour of his brother, and retired to Frascati.

BkXIV:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand committed a gaffe by visiting him in 1803, but it was the visit to his brother, and successor, Victor-Emmanuel I (1759-1824), which caused disquiet in Paris, since the new King having lost Piedmont in 1802, intrigued at Rome, supported by Russia.

 

Charles-Felix of Savoy, King of Sardinia

1765-1831. He was married by proxy to Maria Cristina, Princess of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1779-1849) on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Marie Caroline of Austria.

BkXXXIX:Chap3:Sec1 He died in 1831.

 

Charles the Fat, Emperor

839-888. King of the East Franks, King of Italy, King of France and, as Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor, he was granted lordship over Alemannia in 876, and became King of Italy in 879 upon the abdication of his older brother Carloman. Crowned Emperor in 881, his succession to the territories of his brother Louis the Younger the following year reunited the entire Kingdom of the East Franks (Germany). Upon the death of Carloman, the King of the West Franks (France), in 884, he achieved that throne as well, thus reviving, if only briefly, the entire Carolingian Empire, aside from Provence, which was in rebellion under Boso.

BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 The Benedictine Abbey on Reichenau Island in Lake Constance supposedly contained his tomb.

 

Charles, Julie Bouchaud, Madame

1784-1817. Born in Dominique she became the wife (1804) of the well-known chemist, physicist and aeronaut, Jacques Alexandre César Charles (1746-1823) who invented the hydrogen balloon and devised Charles’ Law which relates the pressure, volume and temperature of gases. She ran a literary salon patronised by Louis de Fontanes among others, and suffered from tuberculosis. She was muse to Lally-Tollendal and later Lamartine whom she met in 1816 at Aix les Bains while taking the waters.

BkXXIII:Chap5:Sec1 Her relationship with Lally-Tollendal.

 

Charles Martel

c688-741. Known as ‘the Hammer’, the Frankish ruler and illegitimate son of Pepin of Heristal, he was the grandfather of Charlemagne. After the death of his father (714) he seized power in Austrasia from Pepin’s widow, who was ruling as regent for her grandsons, and became mayor of the palace. He subsequently subdued the W Frankish kingdom of Neustria and began the re-conquest of Burgundy, Aquitaine, and Provence. He defeated the Spanish Muslims at the battle of Tours (732–33) and began the military campaigns that re-established the Franks as the rulers of Gaul. Although he never assumed the title of king, he divided the Frankish lands, like a king, between his sons Pepin the Short and Carloman.