EURIPIDES’
Phoenician Women
Produced,
ca 412-408
Prize won: possibly 2nd
Translated by
George Theodoridis
© 2012
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————————-
Dramatis Personae:
Jocasta
(Oedipus’ ageing mother and wife)
Tutor
(Antigone’s aged, male tutor and servant)
Antigone
(Oedipus’ daughter)
Polyneices
(Oedipus’ exiled son)
Eteokles
(Oedipus second son. King of
Creon
(Jocasta’s brother)
Menoeceus
(Creon’s son)
Chorus
(Of young Phoenician female servants of the temple)
Teiresias
(Theban seer)
Messenger
(Soldier in Eteocles’ army)
Second Messenger
(Slave to Eteokles
Oedipus
(Former king of
——————-
The Royal
To its right stands an altar, the last
hints of the smoke, after the burning of sacrifices, rising from its centre.
To its left, a statue of Apollo.
The palace doors open and Jocasta walks
out slowly, wearily and with the aid of a walking stick.
She is dressed in black and her hair is
cut short. She is in mourning.
Jocasta:
Lord, Sun!
With your speedy horses and your golden chariot you cut a blazing track across
the starry sky! But it was you, Lord Sun, you who had sent that cursed ray upon
us, upon
Cadmus had married Harmonia, Apphrodite’s daughter and with her he had the boy
Polydorus, who, they say, had Labdacus and who, in turn, had Laius.
10
As for me, I am known as the daughter of Menoeceus. Creon is my brother and we
both have the same mother.
My father named me Jokasta.
Laius married me but, even after a long time, we had no children, so he went to
Phoebus Apollo, the prophet god to ask him what we could do about it to beg him
to grand that this house acquire male heirs.
But the god, instead, gave him a warning.
“Lord of horse-raising
21
But, one night, during a drunken fit, Laius succumbed to lust and so, I gave birth
to our son. Then, when the boy was born, Laius remembered what the god had told
him and realised the error of his deed, so he gave the baby boy to a shepherd
and told him to, first pierce the child’s ankles with iron spikes (that’s why
the Greeks later called him Oedipus – swollen foot) and then to expose it on
the rocky, Mount Citheron, in Hera’s meadow.
But then Polybus’ horse herders found him and took him to the palace of their
mistress and handed him to her who put to her breast the baby which was born by
my own labour pains and convinced her husband to let her raise him.
32
Eventually, when my son had reached the state of manhood and the tawny beard
first covered cheeks, he either suspected something, or had heard something
from someone and so he went to the temple of Phoebus Apollo, anxious to find
out who his parents were. Laius, my husband and the boy’s father, also
started off to visit the god and ask him if the child was still alive.
The two came across each other at the Spilt Path, in
40
Laius’ driver called out to Oedipus to make way for the king but Oedipus,
arrogantly kept walking until the horses’ hooves stepped onto his feet and
injured and bloodied his tendons.
Then, but there’s no need for me to go on about these sad events… then the son
slew the father, took his father’s chariot and handed it to his foster father,
Polybus.
Then, after my husband’s death, the Sphinx began to pillage and torment the
city and my brother Creon announced that he would marry me to whoever could
solve that wily maiden’s riddle.
50
Somehow or other, Oedipus, my son, managed to solve the riddle in the Sphinx’s
song and so, he was handed the sceptre of this land and became its king and
then, totally without knowing married me, his own mother while his mother, too,
was totally unaware that she was sleeping with her own son.
I gave him two sons, Eteokles and the glorious Polyneices and two daughters,
one of whom her father named Ismene and the other, her older sister, I named
Antigone.
59
Eventually Oedipus –what pain had not the poor man endured!- discovered that he
was married to his mother and committed a most horrible deed upon his eyes.
With a golden brooch he tore out his pupils, turning them into pools of blood.
But when my sons grew up, when the first beards began to darken the cheeks,
they put Oedipus –their father!- behind locked doors, to hide him and to hide
also the shame of his fate so that it might be forgotten. And to achieve this
it took a great deal of cunning.
He lives here, still. In the palace.
His pains have so deranged his mind that he shouts at his sons the most unholy
curses. He prays that they would tear this house apart –sword against
sword!
69
So, the two brothers, afraid that the gods would heed Oedipus’ curses and act
upon them if they continued to live together, decided that the younger of the
two, Polynices, would volunteer to leave the country and that Eteocles would
remain here as the king. Then, every year they would trade places.
But, the moment Eteokles took over the throne, refused to give it up and drove
his brother out of the country and into exile.
Polyneices then went to
80
He is just outside the walls and demands that Eteokles hands him the throne and
his share of the land. I tried to end this dreadful squabble by asking
the two to call a truce and come to a meeting before they take up their spears.
My messenger came back with the news that Polyneices agreed.
Raises her hands in prayer
Come Zeus!
Zeus, who lives in the brilliant halls of the heavens, come and save us all!
Bring peace between my sons! If you are a wise god then you should not allow a
man to suffer eternal misery.
Exit Jocasta into the palace
Antigone’s Tutor appears on the roof via
steps behind it.
He is talking to Antigone who is waiting
on the steps below for his permission to join him.
89
Tutor:
Dear Antigone, you are your father’s true daughter. You bring glory to his
house!
Your mother has given you permission to leave your young women’s quarters and
to come up here, the highest part of the palace because you want to take a look
at the Argive army. Hold on a minute, dear, so that I see if there are any
people in the street because if they see us, they’ll have words to say not only
to me but also to you. Slaves and mistresses should not be seen together in
public.
I’ll tell you everything I know, everything I saw and heard when I went down
there, to their camp, offering a truce to your brother; and then all I saw and
heard here, when I returned with his own truce.
He looks all around
100
No, I cannot see any people nearby so you can climb this old cedar step-ladder.
Come up and look there! Come and look at the size of the enemy’s army,
Antigone! It spreads across the plains from the streams of Ismenus all the way
to the waters of Dirce!
Antigone:
Help me climb the steps, old friend.
Stretch out your aged hand to help my young hand!
Tutor:
Here, my young lady. Take it!
Antigone appears beside the Tutor
You’re just in time to see the army of the Pelasgians in motion. They are now
separating the different companies from each other.
109
Antigone:
Great Hecate, Leto’s daughter!
The whole place is ablaze with bronze!
Tutor:
That’s right, Antigone.
This is no trifling little visit that your brother, Polyneices, is paying us.
That’s a huge cavalry and an even greater infantry out there!
Antigone:
Have the bronze bolts been shot across the gates on Amphion’s walls of stone?
Tutor:
Have no fear, my lady. The city is safe inside.
Look out for the head of the army. See if you can recognise him.
119
Antigone:
Who is that man there, the one who stands in front of the army, with the white
crest, the one who holds that heavy bronze shield so lightly?
Tutor:
One of the captains, my lady.
Antigone:
What is his name, old friend and where is he from?
Tutor:
That’s Lord Hippomedon, my lady and they say that he is a Mycenean. He lives
near the springs of Lerna.
Antigone:
How frightening he looks! How wild!
Like one of those earth-born giants. He has a face like one of those dazzling
stars, like those they draw in pictures.
Unlike any mortal!
131
Tutor:
And what about that captain there? Can you see him, crossing the waters
of Dirce?
Antigone:
Who is he? His armour looks different.
Tutor:
That’s Oeneus’ son, Tydeus.
His heart is full of war. Like all the Aetolians.
Antigone:
Is he the one who married my brother’s wife’s sister?
What strange weapons he carries. They look half foreign.
Tutor:
Yes, my young lady. The Aetolians have small shields and hurl small spears –
very accurately.
141
Antigone:
How do you know all this, old teacher?
Tutor:
I saw their shield markings when I went there carrying the truce offerings to
your brother, Polyneices. I recognise the warriors from their shields.
Antigone:
And that young man with the long curls and the grim face, the one who is
walking near Zethus’ tomb, who is it? Obviously a captain also, judging
by all those armed men who are following close behind.
150
Tutor:
That there is Atalanta’s son, Parthenopaeus.
Antigone:
The goddess, Artemis, who hunts in the forests, should shoot him and his mother
with her arrows and kill them both for coming here to sack my city!
Tutor:
I hope she does, too, child but they have a right to come here and I’m afraid
the gods will see and recognise that right.
Antigone:
My dear old teacher, please show me the man who, by a miserable fate, was born
of the same mother as me!
Tell me, old friend, who is Polyneices?
Tutor:
There! See that tomb there?
That’s the tomb of Niobe’s seven virgin daughters.
Next to it is Adrastus. Polyneices is standing next to him.
Can you see him?
161
Antigone:
Yes but not too clearly.
I can barely make out his face and the outline of his chest.
Ah, my darling brother! How I wish I could just rush high up into the clouds!
To run over one that’s been caught in the grips of a speeding wind!
Rush to him and wrap my arms tightly around his dear neck!
Poor, unfortunate exile!
Look how he stands out in his golden armour, old friend! It flashes like the
rays of the morning sun!
170
Tutor:
Well, if he heeds the truce, child, he’ll be here soon and fill your heart with
joy!
Antigone:
And that man, over there, old friend. The one holding the reins of that white
chariot, who is he?
Tutor:
That, my dear young mistress is the prophet Amphiaraus. He has the sacrificial
victims with him, to quench the thirty earth with their blood.
Antigone:
Dear goddess Selene, girdled by a light of gold, daughter of the dazzling Sun,
look at him!
Look how steadily, how knowledgeably, he uses the goad on his horses!
But where is that man, Capaneus, the one who utters such dreadful insults at
our city?
181
Tutor:
There he is, Antigone! Calculating. Working out how to scale our walls.
Measuring them all from top to bottom.
Antigone:
Oh, Nemesis! Goddess of retribution!
And you, too, crashing thunders and piercing lightning of Zeus!
You have the power to subdue the undisciplined arrogance of men.
That is the man who says that he will capture the women of
O blessed Artemis, blessed daughter of Zeus! You with your golden hair!
Don’t ever let it happen that I should suffer such slavery!
193
Tutor:
Go inside, my child.
You have seen all you wanted to see. Go inside and stay within the walls of
your own chambers. The city is in a terrible chaos and a crowd of women has
entered the royal palace and women, by their very nature love to criticise.
200
They love to grab onto some little thing and exaggerate it, add to it; they
just love to say terrible things about one another!
Antigone and the Tutor descend into the palace.
Enter the chorus of Phoenician
Women. They are dressed in foreign clothes and, while they say they are
slaves, they are not slaves of war but free women, who were chosen to serve in
the
Chorus:
We have left behind the Phoenician island, washed by the Tyrian sea, to come
here as the finest prize to Apollo, to serve in his temple, his home, beneath
the snow-covered peaks of
210
Chorus:
We have sliced the Ionian waters with our oars, aided by the blasts of Zephyros
that sang sweet songs in the skies above the unharvested briny fields all along
the shores of
Chorus:
Our city chose us as the fairest in beauty to be a gift for Loxias Apollo and
so we have been sent here, to Cadmus’ land, to Laius’ towers, the home of my
kin, the glorious sons of Tyrian Agenor.
Chorus:
And so we are Apollo’s servants!
220
Chorus:
We are dedicated to him, like offerings of gold.
Chorus:
And the purifying waters of Castalia are waiting for me now to wash my
splendid, maidenly tresses, in reverence to Phoebus Apollo.
Chorus:
Oh, you shining rock of fire! Twin-peaked light of Dionysus!
230
Chorus:
And you, too, vine that bursts forth the daily bunch of lush grape blossoms!
Chorus:
And you, too, Cave where the god slew the dreaded Python!
Chorus:
And you, mountain tips where the nymphs keep a lookout!
Chorus:
And you, too, sacred snow-lashed mountain!
Chorus:
How I wish I could dance free of fear, a circle around you, to please those
free of death!
Chorus:
We have left behind Dirce, now, for Phoebus’ sacred hollows in the centre, the
navel, of the Earth.
Chorus:
But now, look!
240
Chorus:
The deathly god of war, Ares, has come before these walls and set ablaze the
blood of hatred for this city!
Chorus:
Oh, may this never happen!
Chorus:
Friends share the pains of friends and
Chorus:
Ah! The pain, the pain!
Chorus:
The race and the children are from the same mother, Io the horned woman whose
pains are my pains also.
250
Chorus:
The city is surrounded by a blaze!
Chorus:
A cloud, thick with flashing shields, a true sign of a blood-shedding war!
Chorus:
Yet the god of war knows that very soon the dreaded Erinyes, those goddesses of
retribution, will visit the sons of Oedipus!
Chorus:
Chorus:
And I fear, too what the gods are about to bring!
Chorus:
He comes to take back his house and he rightly comes bearing weapons!
Enter Polyneices.
He is anxious. Cautious. Sword in hand
and suspicious of a possible ambush.
261
Polyneices:
It was easy for me to enter the city. The bolts were drawn back and the gates
opened for me. That’s why I’m afraid that they’ve set up a trap for me. They
want to catch me and then not let me go without first covering my body with
bloody wounds.
I must turn my eye carefully in every direction, to make sure I escape their
treachery.
This trusty sword gives me the courage and confidence to go on.
Suddenly a noise that startles him
Who’s there?
Or have I jumped at a mere noise?
270
Every little thing seems like imminent danger to brave men, when they are walking
on enemy territory!
But I trust my mother who persuaded me to come here under a truce.
I trust her, yet I don’t trust her!
Noise from people coming and going within
the palace
Still, the altar is just here and there are people in the palace. I’d better
put my sword back into its dark scabbard and ask these women here who they are.
To the chorus
Foreign ladies, tell me what country have you left to come here to this Greek
house?
280
Chorus:
Chorus:
That’s the land we were born and raised.
Chorus:
Agenor’s descendants have sent us here as gifts to Phoebus Apollo, the first
fruits of victory but when Eteocles, Oedipus’ noble son, was about to escort us
to Phoebus’ sacred temple and altars, the Argive army came to attack the
city.
Chorus:
Now you tell us in turn, who you are and why you are here, within the walls of
the
Polyneices:
The people of
291
Chorus:
Ah!
A son of the race of Agenor!
It is they, our royal family, who have sent us here!
They fall to their knees before Polyneices
Chorus:
We fall at your knees, my lord, as the customs of our land demand.
Chorus:
At long last, my lord, you have returned to your birthplace!
The chorus stands and one of them goes to the gate of
the palace
Chorus:
Ey, in there! open up!
Chorus:
My queen, come out here! Come, open the gates!
Chorus:
My queen, do you hear us? You are this man’s mother.
Chorus:
Come, my queen, leave the chambers of this high roofed palace and come to
embrace your son!
Enter Jocasta walking slowly but excitedly, supported
by a walking stick.
301
Jocasta:
Young ladies, I’ve heard your Phoenician calls and so I managed to drag my
ageing and trembling legs, supported by this third one, all the way out here to
see my son!
She sees Polyneices
Oh! Oh, my son! Oh my child!
After all this time, after all these days, I finally see your face!
Come, my son, wrap your arms around your mother!
Come, let me touch your cheek!
310
Come, let your thick black hair shade my neck!
They embrace
Oh, my son!
My son!
Finally! Here you are, in your mother’s arm!
I could have never foresee this. I could have never dared to hope for this!
She separates from him and begins to walk
around him, examining him with joy.
Oh, my son! What words can I say to you? What things can I do to remember
the old joys? Shall I let my happiness make me dance round and round? Like this
– or like that? Oh, how I missed the pleasure of those joys, my son!
My son, my son!
How empty you left your father’s house when you went away, exiled by your
brother, by his madness!
320
How you are missed!
Missed by your friends and missed by the whole of
That’s why I’ve cut short this gray hair of mine! Let it fall to the ground
along with my tears!
How I grieved, my boy!
Look at my clothes, my son! They are not white! No, they are dreadful,
miserable, black rags!
And your father! He is inside the palace. Blind, old, steeped in misery
and regret for the loss of a pair of sons, let loose from the yoke of his
house.
330
He rushes to draw a sword upon himself, one minute and then throws a noose over
the rafters the next, all the while groaning and lamenting the curses he has
hurled upon his sons. He cries and cries and hides himself in his darkness.
But I hear you have married a foreign wife, my son! You have married and you
are enjoying fatherhood in a foreign house, away from your mother! You have
made foreigners your new relatives!
340
This is a heavy blow to me, my son. To me and to Laius, your ancestor. It is a
heavy blow to us, this foreign marriage of yours!
And it was not me who lit the wedding torches for you, my son, as our custom
requires of a blessed mother. Nor has the river Ismenus enjoyed your
marriage and you have stayed distant from him. You did not take the wedding
baths in his springs and
351
Curse them whoever it was who caused all this!
Curse it, if it was the sword!
Curse her if it was Eris, the goddess of strife!
Curse him if it was Oedipus, your father!
Curse him if it was some malevolent god who brought havoc into the house of
Oedipus!
Curse them all because it is I who has suffered the pains of their work!
Chorus:
The pains of childbirth are powerful!
Chorus:
All women –all of them!- love their children!
360
Polyneices:
Mother, it was both wise and foolish for me to come here and walk among
enemies!
There is no question about the fact that all men love their country and if
anyone says otherwise, well, that man just loves words. His sentiments though
are elsewhere.
But, mother, I was gripped by the fear that my brother might set a trap for me
and kill me. That’s why I had my sword drawn at the ready and walked
cautiously around the city, my eyes scanning its every corner. There is only
one thing that gives me relief from that fear and that is your truce; that and
your trust it was that made me enter the walls of my paternal home.
370
And I have shed many tears, mother, when, after such a long time, I saw our
palace, the altars of our gods, the training grounds of my childhood and the
waters of Dirce!
How unjustly I was driven away from all this!
Tears flooded my eyes, mother!
And then, grief upon grief, I see you, my darling mother, with your hair cut
short and dressed in these black rags!
Ah! Such misery!
How dreadful it is, mother, for members of the same family to hate one another!
How impossible it is to bring about a settlement!
And how does my blind father cope in the palace with his darkness? And my
two sisters, how are they? No doubt they would be also mourning my exile!
379
Jocasta:
Some god has corrupted the seed of the race of Oedipus and it began with me. It
was I who broke Apollo’s law and in an unfortunate hour, married your father
and gave birth to you.
But let’s not think of these things. Mortals must endure what the immortals
send them.
Now, my son, I am afraid to ask you what I want to ask you because I don’t want
to hurt you but my wish to do so is great.
Polyneices:
Ask me whatever you want, mother. Leave no questions unasked. Your wish
is my pleasure to fulfil.
Jocasta:
Well then, son, the first thing I long to know is this: What is it like, to be
deprived of one’s own home? Is it a great suffering?
Polyneices:
Much greater a suffering to experience than to talk about, mother!
390
Jocasta:
How do you mean? What’s the worst of it for the exiles?
Polyneices:
The worst of it, mother, is the fact that there is no free speech.
Jocasta:
That’s a slave’s life, you’re describing, not to be able to speak freely.
Polyneices:
And you are forced to put up with the stupidity of those in power.
Jocasta:
Yes, that, too is a great suffering: To be forced to join company with fools!
Polyneices:
Yet, for a man to get what he wants, he must go against his own nature and act
like a slave.
Jocasta:
They say that exiles live on hopes.
Polyneices:
Yes, hopes that look good in the mind but slow to arrive.
Jocasta:
Hopes, make men love their misery
Polyneices:
But has time not shown how hollow these hopes are?
400
Jocasta:
How did you survive before you got married?
Polyneices:
Sometimes I got enough to eat and sometimes I didn’t.
Jocasta:
But didn’t your father’s friends out there not help you?
Polyneices:
One must try to do well by himself. Friends disappear the moment luck
disappears.
Jocasta:
And what of your noble birth? Did that not raise high your prospects?
Polyneices:
No, noble birth did not feed me. It is a curse to be poor.
Jocasta:
It seems then that a mortal’s best friend is his country.
410
Polyneices:
No words can describe just how true that is, mother!
Jocasta:
Why go to Argos, though? What did you have in mind?
Polyneices:
Some oracle that Apollo gave to Adrastus.
Jocasta:
What oracle? What did it say? I haven’t heard of this oracle.
Polyneices:
The oracle had told him to marry his daughters to a boar and a lion.
Jocasta:
But what did you have to do with these beasts, my son?
Polyneices:
I have no idea. God took a hold of my fate.
Jocasta:
The god is wise. And what about the wife? How did you come to select her?
Polyneices:
It was night and I had gone to Adrastus’ house.
Jocasta:
Looking for a bed for the night as a wandering exile would?
420
Polyneices:
That’s right but then, a little later, another exile turned up.
Jocasta:
And who was that, no doubt another poor miserable soul!
Polyneices:
Oeneas’ son, a man called Tydeus.
Jocasta:
But how did Adrastus came to think you were beasts?
Polyneices:
Because we began fighting about the night’s bed.
Jocasta:
And so, that’s how Adrastus came to understand the meaning of Apollo’s oracle.
Polyneices:
And that’s how he came to give us his daughters!
Jocasta:
But how are you managing with your wife, are you happy with her or unhappy?
Polyneices:
So far, I have no complaints about my marriage.
Jocasta:
How did you manage to bring such an army with you here?
430
Polyneices:
Adrastus swore to both his sons-in-law, me and Tydeus, that he would restore us
both to our country, me first and so, many Argive and Mycenean nobles came to
do me this miserable but necessary favour. Miserable, because I am marching
against my own city.
I swear by the gods, mother, that I raise my spear against my loved ones
against my will. But it’s now up to you mother, to bring these troubles to an
end. It is up to you to bring two loving brothers together again and to put an
end to my pains as well as yours and those of the whole city.
441
It’s an old saying, mother but I will say it, just the same: Among mortals,
wealth is held with the greatest esteem and of all things that this world has,
wealth is the most powerful and it is for this wealth that I have come here
with thousands of armed men.
A poor noble, mother, counts for nothing!
Chorus:
Ah, here’s Eteocles!
He, too has come to discuss the truce.
Chorus:
Come, now, mother Jocasta. It is your task to speak such wards that will
reconcile your two sons.
Enter Eteocles with his men.
449
Eteocles:
Here I am, mother! I’ve come only because you’ve asked me to come.
So! Now, what are we to do? Let the words begin!
I’ve stop arranging the two divisions of our troops around the walls of the
city so that I could come and listen to your wise words about how to resolve
our differences.
It is the promise of these negotiations that made me allow this man to enter
our city.
He moves threateningly towards Polyneices but Jocasta
stops him.
Jocasta: Raising her hand to stop
Eteocles.
Stop!
Justice never comes with haste!
It is the slowly considered words that often bring about the wise result.
Tame those fierce glares and stop all this maddened huffing and puffing!
You are not staring at a gorgon’s severed head but at your very own brother who
has come here.
460
And you, Polyneices! Turn and look at your brother in the eye. It is only when
you talk face-to-face that your tongue softens and your ears become more
receptive.
The brothers obey her reluctantly
Now, I want to give you two some wise advice and it is this: When one angry
friend visits another angry friend, when they meet face-to-face, all other
matters should be forgotten and the only thought in their minds should be the
business that had brought them together.
So, now, you Polyneices, my son, you speak first. You have come here at the
head of an Argive army, as one who has been wronged.
May one of the gods be the judge of the matter and reconcile your troubles.
472
Polyneices:
Truth’s words are simple to utter and justice needs no subtle explanations.
Justice is self explanatory. Injustice, however, being a sickness, requires
complicated medicines and it is this sort of thinking that I have constructed
about my father’s house.
I have left the house, of my own will, so as to save both of us –Eteocles and
me- from the curses Oedipus, has made against us. I have left the house
and the land for him to rule until a year has passed and I returned to rule in
turn. That, I thought, would save all of us, including myself, from falling
into this dreadful hatred and animosity, the way it’s happening now.
481
But, he went back on his word. First he consented to this way of doing things
and took great oaths, calling the heavens to witness them but then he kept none
of his promises! Here he is, still holding on to the throne and onto my share
of its wealth.
490
But I am still prepared to simply take what is mine and to dismiss my army so
long as I take my turn at the throne and return it back to him when his turn
comes about.
I would rather not sack my own city or plant ladders up against its walls but I
would try to do if I don’t receive justice.
The heavens know that in spite of doing the just thing in every respect, I am
being deprived of my own country in the most unjust and unholy manner.
Mother, I have used clear and simple words to show the justice of my story,
instead of gathering up tricky and complicated arguments. These should satisfy
both, the wise as well as the simple folks.
500
Chorus:
It seems to me that you are telling the truth, though I wasn’t born nor raised
in Greece.
Eteocles:
If all agreed with what is wise and what is just then there’d be no disputes
between men. But, mother, the way things are right now there is nothing among
mortals that is the same and equal. Perhaps in words but certainly not in
practice.
Mother, I will speak fully and leave nothing out.
Mother, I would go to the heavens, if I could. To the stars and to where the
sun rises in the morning, and then to the depths of the earth to take a hold of
the greatest goddess ever, Kingdom!
510
Mother, I will not allow anyone else to take this great blessing from me.
Mother, I want to keep it for myself! Only cowards will exchange the
greater for the lesser.
And then, what shame I would feel if I allowed this man here, this man who has
come here with an army so as to destroy our city, to get what he wants!
Thebes would feel disgraced if I were to show that I was afraid of those
Mycenean spears and let him take her throne.
It is not right for him to try and reach some agreement by force of arms,
mother because words can achieve everything that the arms of an enemy can
achieve.
520
Still, if he wants to live here, in our city, in any other manner, than that
will be fine but I will never tolerate being a slave to anyone when I can be
the ruler!
Well then!
Now let the fire start!
Let the swords clash!
Fill the battle ground with chariots of war!
I will not give my kingdom to this man!
And if one should perform a deed of injustice, then let it be performed for the
sake of a kingdom. Let virtue be done for all else!
Chorus:
Eloquent speeches should not be made to justify wicked deeds. Such practice
bitterly harms justice.
531
Jocasta:
My son! Eteocles!
My son, not everything about old age is bad. Experience, for example makes the
aged wiser than the youth.
But, my son, why do you revere the goddess Ambition, the worst of all the
deities? She is not for the just! Shun her! We’ve seen her work often enough in
the past. She enters the cities and houses of prosperous people and then leaves
only after ruining those who had dealings with her and yet you’ve lost your mind
over her!
No, my son. The goddess you should revere is Equality.
540
She unites friend to friend, city to city, ally to ally because among mortals,
the ways of Equality are the ways of their laws. Where we see one with
less than another, there we also see the makings of war.
It is this very divinity, Equality, who has set up man’s measuring devises and
standards. She it is who constructed ways, numbers, for different measures,
like weight.
Night’s dark eyelid and the rays of the Sun travel the same distance around the
year and neither of them is envious when the other dominates and both serve our
needs.
So, you, my son, a mere mortal, should you not accept to hand your brother his
rightful share of your father’s estate? Where then do you see Justice?
551
To be a king is an unjust thing. A thing of unjust prosperity. Why do you place
such an excessive value upon it? Why think of it as such a big thing,
full of honour and glory? It’s a hollow thing! Why work so hard just so you can
pile up the possessions in your halls? Where’s the value in that? There is
none! The wise folks know that what suffices is ample.
We, mortals have no possessions of our own. We simply take care of those that
belongs to the gods. Then they simply take it back when they want it.
560
Wealth is not permanent a thing. It is short-lived.
But if I were to ask you to choose one of these two things: which do you prefer
to save, your throne or your country, what would your answer be?
Would it be, the throne?
What if your brother and his Argive spears smash the spears of Thebes?
Then you will witness the fall of this city’s walls, and a great many Theban
girls being dragged away against their will by the enemy’s men.
That wealth you’re so much in love with, will become a most dreadful thing for
Thebes.
570
But then again, you are also in love with ambition and with that throne!
That’s what I say to you, Eteocles and to you, Polyneices, I say that Adrastus
did you a stupid favour and you, my son, are doing a stupid thing, coming here
to destroy your own city! May you never succeed in this but let us say you did.
How on earth will raise the trophy of victory to Zeus? How could you perform
any sacrifices after you have destroyed your own city? What will you inscribe
upon the spoils that you’ll set up by the streams of our river Ismenus? Will it
be, “Polyneices has dedicated these shields to the gods after he has set flames
to Thebes?” I hope, my son, that you will never receive such a fame from
Greece!
580
Then, what if you lose and he survives and you leave behind countless of dead
soldiers? How will you ever make it back to Argos after that sort of loss?
Some Argive citizen will tell, Adrastus, “What a dreadful marriage you’ve given
us, Adrastus! You have ruined us for the sake of a bride!”
Polyneices, my son, you are in pursuit of a twofold ruin: You will lose
everything you have there and you will gain nothing here.
Forget all this, my sons! Both of you, forget all this extreme violence!
There is nothing worse than the madness of two fools!
589
Chorus:
Oh, Gods!
Avert this evil! Bring pace to the sons of Oedipus!
Eteocles:
Mother, there’s no time left for a subtle war of words. The time has run out
and, in any case, your wisdom will be wasted. We will love one another only on
the terms I have said, which are that I hold onto the throne of this land and
rule it as its king.
So give up on your silly, lengthy admonitions and leave me alone.
Indicating Polyneices.
And you! Get out of here! Out of our walls or else die!
Anger rising on both sides
Polyneices:
Is that so? And who is this brave, invincible man who will plunge his sword
into my body and escape his own death?
Eteocles:
Who? He’s right here, in front of you. He
grasps the hilt of his sword. Can you see what I have in my hands?
600
Polyneices:
I do. But the wealthy are cowards and far too much in love with life.
Eteocles:
Is this why you brought a whole army here, to fight a coward?
Polyneices:
Yes. It’s wiser for a general to be safe in his victory than to be bold and
sorry in defeat.
Eteocles:
Such bold words from you! Your boldness comes from mother’s truce and it is
that which will save your life.
Polyneices:
I’ll say it once more: I am here to get both, the throne and my share of the
estate.
Eteocles:
We owe you nothing!
This is my house and I shall stay in it.
Polyneices:
And you will hold on to my share!
Eteocles:
Yes. Now go! Leave this place!
Polyneices:
O, altars oh of my father’s gods!
Eteocles:
Altars that you came to destroy!
Polyneices:
Listen to me gods!
Eteocles:
What god would hear you after you have marched here to destroy your own
country?
Polyneices:
And you, shrines of Amphion and Zethus, sons of Zeus, riders of white horses!
Eteocles:
They, roo, hate you!
Polyneices:
Hear me, gods! I am sent away from my own land!
610
Eteocles:
Yes, the land to which you have come to sent us away!
Polyneices:
Such injustice, gods!
Eteocles:
Save your praying for Mycenae, not here!
Polyneices:
You utter such sacrilege!
Eteocles:
But I am not my country’s enemy, like you!
Polyneices:
Because you have exiled me without my share of father’s wealth.
Eteocles:
Not only that but I will also kill you!
Polyneices:
O, father, father! Listen to what I must endure!
Eteocles:
And he can hear what you’re up to with your army, as well!
Polyneices:
And you, mother?
Eteocles:
It is not proper for you to call her “mother!”
Polyneices:
Oh, Thebes, my city!
Eteocles:
No, not Thebes! Go to Argos and call upon the waters of Lerna, instead!
Polyneices:
Don’t worry, I am going.
Mother, thank you!
Eteocles:
Go! Get out of this country!
Polyneices:
I am going but let me see my father!
Eteocles:
That is one wish you won’t be enjoying!
Polyneices:
What about my young sisters?
Eteocles:
No, you’ll never see them either!
Polyneices: Shouting towards the
palace
Sisters!
620
Eteocles:
Why call them? You are their bitterest enemy!
Polyneices:
Well, then, mother, farewell to you!
Jocasta:
Well, I shall fare, my son, with what I am about to suffer!
Polyneices:
Miserable Fate!
I am no longer your son, mother!
Jocasta:
A fate miserable in so many ways!
Polyneices: Indicating Eteocles
He has made my life a miserable insult!
Eteocles:
Insults to the insulter!
Polyneices:
Where will you be making your stand outside the walls?
Eteocles:
Why ask that?
Polyneices:
So that I may stand directly opposite you and kill you!
Eteocles:
Precisely what I wish for, as well!
Jocasta:
Oh what horror!
What will you do, my sons?
Polyneices:
That will become obvious very soon, mother!
Jocasta:
Can you not escape your father’s curses, my sons?
Eteocles:
Let the whole house come down!
Polyneices: Brandishing his sword
This sword will not stay idle for long. Soon it will be covered in blood.
And I call upon Thebes, this land that raised me and to her gods, to witness
just what bitter dishonour I have suffered here and how like a slave I am
driven away! Like a slave and not like one whose father is Oedipus, who is his
father also!
631
Thebes, my city, if you suffer anything at all, blame it on this man, here, not
on me!
It was not my wish to come here and it is not my wish to wage war against you.
Turning to the statue of Apollo
And you, too, Phoebus Apollo, lord of the highways, farewell!
My house, my childhood friends and statues of all our gods, who receive our
sacrifices, farewell to you all! I have no idea if I will ever address
you again though, hope never sleeps and I hope that with the help of the gods,
I will kill this man and rule this country!
Eteocles: To Polyneices:
Go! Leave this land!
It was by divine inspiration that our father called you Polyneices, “man of
much strife!”
Exit Polyneices.
Eteocles and Jocasta, enter the palace.
641
Chorus:
Cadmus came from Tyre to this land where the four legged calf let her virgin
body fall upon the ground for him, and so, the words of Apollo’s oracle came
true.
Chorus:
This was the place he had to found a city, this was the place where the fields
grew wheat, and where the streams of Dirce nourished the lush and fertile
plains.
650
Chorus:
And this was the place where Zeus lay with Semele and Dionysus was born;
and when still but a baby, the curly shoots of ivy wove a burgeoning green
wreath all around him…
Chorus:
…a blessing to the god who the women of Thebes worshipped with dances in
bacchic ecstasy.
660
Chorus:
This was the place where Ares’ murderous serpent, a guard most fierce watched
over the watered fields and the rushing streams with an ever-roving eye.
Chorus:
Cadmus killed that beast!
Chorus:
Killed it with a marble stone.
Chorus:
Bashed and bloodied its head with his mighty murderous arm.
Chorus:
He had come to that stream to use its lustral waters.
670
Chorus:
Then he obeyed Pallas Athena, the goddess who was not born of a mother, and
threw the snake’s teeth into the deep furrows of the fertile earth.
Chorus:
And from the earth’s top soil the vision sprung of men in full armour who
fought a full and slaughtering fight among themselves and, once again, became
one with the deep, dear earth.
Chorus:
And the fight soaked with blood the good earth that had brought them forth to
the light of the sunny breezes of the heavens.
680
Chorus:
O, Epaphus, son of Zeus, child of the heifer, Io, our ancestor, I call on you
in my foreign tongue!
Chorus:
I call on you, Epaphus, with the call of a foreigner!
Chorus:
Come, Epaphus, come, I pray to you, come to Thebes!
Chorus:
Come to this land which your descendants founded and in which the twin
goddesses settled, Persephone and Demeter, the all-loving, the torch bearer,
the mistress and nurse of all, the goddess of the Earth.
691
Chorus:
Bring them here, Epaphus, bring these torch bearing goddesses to defend this
land.
Chorus:
All things are easy for the gods!
Enter Eteocles and some men.
Eteocles: To one of his men
You! Go and bring here Creon, son of Menoeceus and brother to Jocasta, my
mother!
Tell him that I wish to talk with him before we begin the battle and the
shooting of spears – about private and state matters.
He suddenly sees Creon approaching
Ah! Never mind. The man has saved you the trouble. I see he’s heading towards my palace.
Enter Creon
703
Creon:
Ah, king Eteocles! It took a lot of work to find you, sir!
I have walked over to all the gates and to all the guard posts of Thebes,
looking for you!
Eteocles:
Uncle Creon! I, too wanted to see you!
I have talked with Polyneices about the terms of peace but, personally, I have
found them most unsatisfactory.
Creon:
What I’ve heard is that, relying on the support he has from his father-in-law,
Adrastus, Polyneices considers himself greater than the whole of Thebes!
710
But let us leave this for the gods to decide my boy. I have come to talk to you
about something that is far more important.
Eteocles:
Oh, yes, and what is this? What do you mean, “important?”
Creon:
A prisoner has arrived, one of our men who has escaped from the hands of the
Argives.
Eteocles:
Yes? And what news has he brought us from their camp?
Creon:
That the Argives will surround the city walls with their spears.
Eteocles:
In that case, let the city send out its troops!
Creon:
Send them out where, my boy?
Are you so young that you cannot see what’s in front of you?
720
Eteocles:
What do you mean, where? Outside, of course, at the trenches, to fight our
enemies!
Creon:
But our army is small, Eteocles, whilst theirs is vast!
Eteocles:
Bah! I know what that lot is like. Brave in words, weak in action!
Creon:
But the Argives, my boy! They are well respected by all the Greeks.
Eteocles:
Don’t worry, Creon. I’ll soon cover the plain out there with their corpses!
Creon:
That’s my wish, as well but, from what I can see, it will take a great deal of
pain.
Eteocles:
Are you suggesting I should keep our army locked up within the walls?
Creon:
Well, my boy, victory depends entirely upon wisdom.
Eteocles:
So you think that I should follow some different paths to it, do you?
Creon:
Yes, you should follow all the paths available. Try them all first before you
risk everything.
730
Eteocles:
Should we set up an ambush at night, perhaps?
Creon:
Only if you can secure a safe way back here, if things go wrong.
Eteocles:
Night evens things out for both sides but it favours the daring.
Creon:
The darkness of the night can be terrible if your plan misfires.
Eteocles:
What if I attack them while they’re having their supper?
Creon:
That might cause them a bit of panic but in the end, what we are after is
victory.
Eteocles:
They can’t retreat from there because Dirce’s ford is too deep.
Creon:
The best plan is to be well prepared and well defended.
Eteocles:
What if we attack them with our cavalry?
Creon:
The Argives are well protected all around by their chariots.
740
Eteocles:
What should I do, then? Hand the city over to them?
Creon:
Of course not, my boy! But you are a smart man, think of a smart plan.
Eteocles:
What plan, Creon? What plan is smarter than those I have already suggested?
Creon:
I hear that they have seven chiefs who…
Eteocles:
…who have been ordered to do what? What strength could there be in seven men?
Creon:
They have been ordered to lead seven companies of men and storm our seven
gates.
Eteocles:
So, what should we do about that, Creon? My patience has run out.
Creon:
Do the same. Choose seven chiefs yourself and set them at the gates, against
theirs.
Eteocles:
To do what, do the fighting themselves or lead companies of soldiers?
Creon:
Lead companies.
Choose the bravest of your men, Eteocles.
750
Eteocles:
I understand. To hold back the Argives from scaling our walls.
Creon:
And for them to be co-commanders to you. One chief cannot see everything that
is going on, on a battlefield.
Eteocles:
And how shall I choose them? Should I seek out bravery or wisdom?
Creon:
Both. The one is nothing without the other.
Eteocles:
Fine. I shall do as you suggest, Creon.
I will go to our seven towers and there place guards, equal in number to those
of the enemy. It would take me too long to mention each one of them by name and
the enemy is already hard against our walls.
I must leave for the battle now and not have my hand stay idle.
760
If only I could meet my brother, face to face, clash with him spear to spear
and kill him for coming here, to destroy my city! Still, Creon, if Fate
fails me, you should make sure that my sister, Antigone, marries your son,
Haemon. Now, as I go out on my way to the battle, I confirm their previous
betrothal to each other. You are my uncle, my mother’s brother, so there’s no
need to say too much about this: look after her well, for your sake as well as
mine.
770
My father has acted like a fool, taking his own eyes out! He’ll receive no
praise from me for that act but his curses might well kill both, me and my
brother.
Oh and one more thing remains to be done. We must ask the seer, Teiresias if he
has a message from the heavens to tell us but I will send your son, Menoeceus,
named after your own father, to bring him here. He’ll talk with you freely but
not with me because I have often scorned his prophetic art to his face and so
he bears a grudge against me.
780
But now, Creon, I leave you with this command for Thebes: If victory is mine,
then the corpse of Polyneices should not be buried within these walls and if
anyone dares bury it, even if he is one of his kin, then he should be put to
death. These are my words to you, Creon.
Now these are my words to my slaves.
To his men
Bring my weapons out here. My weapons and my armour for the spear clash
ahead. The victory of that will be mine because I have justice on my
side.
Some men come out from the palace with
his armour and help him wear it.
And now I pray to the goddess Eulabeia, the most apt of the gods to save this
city.
Exit Eteocles and his men (SL)
Exit Creon (SR)
790
Chorus:
O, Ares!
Chorus:
O, god of war!
God of many toils!
Why do you love blood and death so much?
Chorus:
Why are so much out of harmony with the songs and dances of Dionysus?
Chorus:
Come, toss your curls to the breeze with the young garlanded dancers!
Chorus:
Come, Ares! Sing to the lute’s soft breaths, the home of the grace of their
dancing! feet!
Chorus:
Why do you, instead, lead the gloomy dance of war, breathing into the chests of
the Argives the lust for Theban blood?
Chorus:
It’s not Bacchus’ thyrsus that you wave madly, nor do you dance dressed in
fawnskin but among chariots and with bridled steeds you wheel about your
strongly hoofed colt.
800
Chorus:
And with frenzy you push and you urge your wild horses by the waters of Ismenus
and charge with spears and hatred against the race of the earth born!
Chorus:
And against these stone walls you marshal a chorus of war, armed with bronze
swords and spears.
Chorus:
How dreadful a goddess is Strife!
She has brought these troubles to the lords of this land, the sons of Labdacus
whose sorrows are endless.
Chorus:
Kitheron!
Chorus:
Kitheron, Artemis’ most loved sacred precinct!
Chorus:
Kitheron, rich with leaves, rich with snow, rich with wild beasts!
810
Chorus:
How I wish you had not saved the discarded baby, Oedipus, Jocasta’s son, a boy
cast away from his home to die!
Chorus:
A child marked with golden pins on his feet.
Chorus:
How I wish the winged virgin, Sphinx, that beast from the mountain, had not
come to bring bitter death to this land, singing her vile, unmusical songs.
Chorus:
She hovered over our walls and with her four taloned feet she snatched away
Cadmus’ sons. Away into the light of the boundless sky.
Chorus:
A murderous beast sent by Hades from his halls to destroy the Cadmeans.
820
Chorus:
And now a new strife has sprung among Oedipus’ sons and inside his palace and
inside his city!
Chorus:
That which is wrong can never be called right and children of such a sinful
marriage can never be a source of pride for the mother who bore them.
Chorus:
And they are a stain upon their father, the man who is also their brother.
Chorus:
There is a tale, Earth, there is a tale which the barbarians tell and which I
heard, here, at home, how you once, a long time ago, brought forth the race of
the red crested snake, whose teeth were sown in your soil.
Chorus:
A snake, they say that fed on beasts, a glory and a censure to the ears of the
Thebans.
830
Chorus:
Then came Harmonia’s wedding where the gods, children of Heaven were invited
Chorus:
Amphion was also there and with his lyre, charmed the rocks and so the fortress
of this land rose up between the eddies of the double river, Dirce which
nourish the lush valley at the mouth of Ismenus.
Chorus:
And so, Io, my horned ancestress, gave birth to the Cadmeian race, to the kings
of Thebes.
Chorus:
And so it is that Thebes, our city, with the countless blessings bestowed upon
her, blessings on top of blessings, became the pinnacle on Ares’ crown.
Enter Creon (SR), immediately before the blind seer,
Teiresias, who enters the stage from the opposite direction. Teiresias is
walking with the aid of a walking stick and is led by his daughter. He is
wearing a golden crown. These two are accompanied by Menoeceus.
The girl is holding under her right arm
tablets of Teiresias’ oracles.
842
Teiresias:
Lead on, my daughter. You are the eyes that can guide my blind man’s steps,
just like the stars are guides to the sailors. Walk in front of me and make
sure I place my feet securely upon this level ground. Don’t let me fall, my
child.
Ah, how feeble is your father!
Hold well in your maiden hand the divinations I made when I sat in my holy
chair of prophesy and examined the signs made by the birds.
850
Turning to Menoeceus
Tell me, Menoeceus my child, tell me son of Creon, how much further through the
city do we have to go to reach your father?
My knees are tired, my son and I must make far too many short steps. It’s hard
for me to go on for much longer.
Creon:
Ah! Teiresias! Courage, old friend!
You can now anchor your feet here, near your friends.
To Menoeceus
Son, give him a hand.
When an old man travels, whether he’s on foot or on a carriage, he still needs
the help of others.
Teiresias:
Ah, I am here!
But what is the urgency, Creon?
Creon:
First take a breath and gather your strength after this steep climb up here and
then I’ll tell you.
860
Teiresias:
It’s true, the journey has exhausted me!
I’ve only just come back from Athens, the land of the Erecthians, yesterday.
There, too, there was war! Eumolpus, king of Thrace had declared it against the
Athenians, descendants of Cecrops for whom I had declared a splendid victory
and for which I was awarded this golden crown you see on my head. It was from
the Athenians’ first spoils of war.
Creon:
I’ll take your victory crown as a good omen, Teiresias.
You know well that we, too are tossing about in a most perilous tempest of war
with the Greeks! Perilous, indeed for Thebes!
Eteocles, our king has asked me to call for you and to learn from you what we
should do to save the city. He has already donned his armour and he is on
his way to do battle with the Argives.
873
Teiresias:
Had it been Eteocles asking me that question, I would have held my tongue and
uttered no oracle but since it is you who needs to know, I shall tell you.
This city, Creon, has been sick for a long time, from that day that Laius had
his son, a son which the gods did not want and who had become his mother’s
husband.
This was a wise warning sent by the gods to the Greeks when they caused poor
Oedipus to destroy his eyes in such a bloody manner.
880
It was a warning which Oedipus’ sons wanted to conceal, thinking that they
could trick the gods and escape their wrath but, in that, they had made a
dreadful mistake. Because, in order to hide this warning from the eyes of the
world, they have not only neglected to give their father the honour due to him
but they have also forbidden him from going outside of the palace. This has
enraged the poor man most violently and so, hurt by the suffering and the
indignity, he lashed out at them by uttering the most terrible curses.
About all this I spoke often and did all I could but this only made me their
enemy.
But their death is imminent, Creon. Each will die by the hand of the other and
the dead will be many, both, from the Argives, as well as the Thebans and their
corpses will be heaped the one upon the other and Thebes will fall into bitter
mourning!
890
And you, poor Thebes, you and your army, will be totally destroyed, unless
someone listens to my words.
What should have happened is that neither of these two men be made citizens or
rulers of this city because they are both cursed by the gods and they will
overturn it and destroy it.
But, since evil has now triumphed over virtue, there is only one remedy left
for the survival of Thebes, though, because it is neither safe for me to reveal
the medicine that will save it, nor is it too easy for those who have been hurt
by this misfortune to accept it, I shall go.
900
Farewell, Creon!
I, too, as one man among many, shall suffer what I must.
What else can I do?
He turns to go by Creon holds him back
Creon:
No, no, stay here, old man!
Teiresias:
No, don’t try to stop me, Creon.
Creon:
But why do you want to leave?
Teiresias:
It is not I who is leaving Creon but your own fortune.
Creon:
Tell me what can save Thebes and her people!
Teiresias:
You want to know this now but soon, you will not want to know.
Creon:
What? Why would I ever not want to know how to save my city?
Teiresias:
So, do you really want to know?
910
Creon:
Yes, I do. Really! What is there in the world that I should want more?
Teiresias:
Then I shall tell you my prophesies.
First though, tell me, where is Menoeceus, the boy who brought me here?
Creon:
He is right here, old man. Standing next to you.
Teiresias:
Then tell him to go away. he must not hear my prophesies.
Creon:
Menoeceus is my son and, if he has to, he will be quiet.
Teiresias:
So, you want me to speak in front of him?
Creon:
Yes, it would make him very happy to hear how we can save our city.
919
Teiresias:
Well then, hear the path of my oracles and what you should do if you want to
save Thebes.
You have asked most earnestly to hear what Fate declared. Well, then listen:
This child of yours, Menoeceus, you must sacrifice him for the sake of the
city.
Creon:
What? What tale is this you’re telling me, old man?
Teiresias:
I have told you what it is you must do!
Creon:
Oh! So much pain in such few words!
Teiresias:
Pain, yes, to you, Creon but salvation to your city!
Creon:
No, I have heard nothing!
No, I have understood nothing!
To Hades with the city!
Teiresias:
Ha! Creon is no longer Creon. He is some other man! He is going back on his
word.
Creon:
Go Teiresias! Go and farewell to you. I have no need of your oracles.
930
Teiresias:
Has your misfortune killed the truth, Creon?
Creon: Falling to his knees before
Teiresias in desperate supplication
Old man, I beg you, by your knees and by your grey beard!
Teiresias:
Creon, why, pray to me? Fate’s ill cannot be averted.
Creon:
Teiresias, keep this quiet. Tell none of the citizens about this.
Teiresias:
Are you asking me to act unjustly? No, I cannot keep silent!
Creon:
But do you want to kill my son?
Teiresias:
Others will consider that. I will simply speak.
Creon:
Ah! How did this curse ever fall upon me and upon my son?
Teiresias:
Well may you ask that question and it is well that you wish to discuss it.
This young man must be sacrificed. Killed in the chamber where the earthborn
serpent, the guardian of Dirce’s waters was born, giving the earth a libation
with his blood.
940
This he must do to placate the ancient wrath that Ares, the god of war, is
holding against Cadmus for seeking to avenge the slaughter of the earthborn
serpent.
Do this and you’ll have Ares as your ally!
Then, if the earth receives fruit, in return for fruit and mortal blood for the
loss of the blood of her offspring, she will look kindly towards you again
after having sent to you a race of sown men, wearing golden helmets.
But a descendant of those men, Creon, one who is born from the jaw of the
serpent, must die and of those men, of that race of the sown men, you are the
only survivor.
950
You alone, are pure in the lineage from both sides, that of your mother as well
as of your father and so are your sons.
Haemon can not be sacrificed because, though he has not yet married and has not
tasted of the bed of love, he is, nonetheless, betrothed and has a wife.
Menoeceus, here, however is not and so, if he is indeed devoted to Thebes, he
will save her and give her glory, by offering himself, like a colt, for the
sacrifice.
This will cause great consternation to Adrastus and his Argives as they go back
home, leaving behind their many dead.
960
Creon, you can choose one of these two fates: to save you city or your son.
So, now, I have told you all I know!
To his daughter
Take me home, now child.
Prophets are fools to practice their art. If they prophesy things that are
disagreeable to those who have consulted them, then they are seen as hateful
creatures; but then, again, if they feel sorry for them and they lie to them,
then they sin against the heavens!
Only Phoebus Apollo, who is afraid of no mortal, should utter oracles for us.
Exit Teiresias and the girl
Chorus:
Creon, you are speechless!
Chorus:
Not a word from you!
Chorus:
But I am just as shocked as you are Creon!
970
Creon:
But what could I say? It’s obvious what I’m going to say: I’ll never fall so
low as to offer my own child to be slaughtered for the sake of the city!
Everyone loves his child and no one would offer it for slaughter.
I have no desire to be praised for having murdered my own son.
But I am old enough to do this myself and I am ready to do it: to die for my
country.
Come now, my son. You must flee! Quick before the whole city finds out.
980
Forget these incoherent utterances of the prophets and hurry, leave Thebes!
Run my son because he will go to the all the authorities and to all the
generals at the seven gates and tell every captain there! If we hurry we may be
able to save your life, otherwise, they’ll kill you!
Menoeceus:
But go where, father? To which city? To which friend?
Creon:
Go as far away from Thebes as you can, my boy!
Menoeceus:
Tell me where and I will obey.
Creon:
Go through Delphi.
Menoeceus:
In what direction, father?
Creon:
Towards Aetolia.
Menoeceus:
Then? Where to after Aetolia?
990
Creon:
Onward towards Thespotia.
Menoeceus:
To the sacred precincts of Dodona?
Creon:
That’s right.
Menoeceus:
Then? Where to after Dodona?
Creon:
The god will tell you which way.
Menoeceus:
What about money, father?
Creon:
I’ll give you some gold.
Menoeceus:
Very well, father.
Now you go and I’ll make one last visit to my aunt Jocasta, your sister, whose
breast I first sucked when I was left a motherless orphan baby.
I shall go and say good bye to her and then go off to escape death and save my
life.
Creon:
Then go my son and go quickly and don’t give obstacles to your self!
Exit Creon
999
Menoeceus:
See how easily I took my father’s fear away, ladies? Tricked with mere words!
Now I can do as I like.
He wants to send me away and deprive Thebes of her good fortune.
He wants to send me away and turn me into a coward.
It’s something that can be excused of an old man but not for one like me, to
betray the country that has given birth to me.
Let me tell you this, ladies:
I shall go and save Thebes!
I shall go and give my life for her!
1010
How shameful it would be if, while those men who are not bound by any oracles
or even by any of Fate’s decrees, stand out there, outside these walls, by
their shield, ready to fight and risk their lives for their country, I, like a
coward, try to escape? I would be no better than a traitor to my father and to
my brother and to my city and I will be shown to be that wherever I go!
By Zeus, who sits in his throne among the stars, no!
And I swear by Ares, the god of blood, the god who had established as rulers of
this land, the sown men who rose from the earth: I shall go to the highest peak
of the battlements and there kill myself with my own sword so that my blood
will spill upon the serpent’s dark and deep cave, the very place that the
prophet had named and thus, save my city.
1020
I have said what I wanted to say.
Now I go to give the city a gift. Not a mean gift at that. My life. A cure from
this plague!
If every man could take a hold of every useful thing he can his hands on and
contribute it to his country’s common good, then cities would suffer less and
prosper more.
Exit Menoeceus.
1029
Chorus:
Winged Sphinx, you came!
Chorus:
You came, daughter of Earth and of the murderous Snake, the Echidna of the
Underworld!
Chorus:
A dire lineage!
Chorus:
A long time ago, you came, murderer of myriads!
Chorus:
A long time ago you came and plundered ruthlessly the land of the Thebans!
Chorus:
You came and brought myriads of groans and sighs of bitter lament!
Chorus:
And of destruction!
Chorus:
Half virgin beast with blood dripping talons you swooped onto the land with
your fast-fluttering wings and tore away our young men from the waters of
Dirce!
1040
Chorus:
You came and you sang a cursed song of death -no lyre beside it- that filled
the land with wails.
Chorus:
Some murderous god was the cause of it all!
Chorus:
And so the mothers cried!
Chorus:
And so the daughters cried!
Chorus:
Shrieks of wailing upon shrieks of wailing!
Chorus:
The houses groaned with the weeping!
1050
Chorus:
And the whole city groaned with the shrieks of wailing. One street, then the
next, all weeping in their turn!
Chorus:
One groan after another! An unbearable, irrepressible noise, a fierce thunder
rose every time the winged virgin took away one more man from our city.
Chorus:
And so the time rolled on and Apollo, through his oracles, had sent poor
Oedipus to Thebes and, for a time, the Thebans rejoiced and then, in turn, were
made to grieve.
Chorus:
He had solved the riddle of the Sphinx, a glorious victory, but then, the poor
man, married his mother, poor man, a dire marriage –
Chorus:
Poor man! A bitter marriage that polluted the whole city and brought about the
bloody curses he drove upon his sons, to fight a gory battle against each
other.
Chorus:
Poor man!
1070
Chorus:
How I admire!
How I admire Menoeceus, the man who’s gone to die for his country!
Chorus:
He will bring tears to his father’s eyes but a glorious victory to his city,
this city, Thebes, of the seven gates!
Chorus:
Dear Pallas Athena!
Grant that we be mothers of such great sons!
Chorus:
Dear Pallas Athena! You, it was who inspired Cadmus to performing that brave
deed which made the serpent’s blood soak the rock, which cast the divine curse,
the murderous curse upon this land.
Enter Messenger
He rushes and knocks hard on the palace
gate
1080
Messenger:
Hey there!
Anyone guarding this gate?
Open up! Send Jocasta out here!
Hey! Can’t you hear me? How long must I bang on this gate?
Jocasta, Oedipus’ beautiful wife! Come out here! I have good news for you!
Come, stop your grieving, Jocasta! Shed no more tears!
Enter Jocasta from the palace
Jocasta:
Ah! Dear man!
Are you here with bad news? Is my son, Eteocles dead?
You have always stood by his shield, my good man, always protecting him from
enemy arrows so you must have something terrible to tell me about him.
Is my son alive or dead, my good man? Tell me!
1091
Messenger:
He’s alive, my lady! Don’t worry. Let me free you of that fear.
Jocasta:
And the walls? The seven gates? How are they?
Messenger:
The walls are not breached, my lady. The city is safe.
Jocasta:
And another question that matters to me, my good man. What about Polyneices, do
you know if he’s alive or dead?
Messenger:
So far, my lady, both your sons are alive.
1100
Jocasta:
Bless you!
Now tell me, how did you manage to keep the Argive spears away from our gates
from where you stood, inside the walls? Tell me so that I can go upstairs and
brighten the blind man’s heart! Tell me how our city was saved.
Messenger:
Thebes was saved because Creon’s son, Menoeceus, died for her.
He went and stood at the summit of our battlements and plunged his black sword
deep into his throat. Then your son assigned seven companies of men, each with
their own captain and placed them at each of the seven gates to look out for
the Argives and ward off their spears.
1100
Then he made up a force of reserves for the cavalry and another of shieldsmen
for the infantry so that they could rush quickly to any weak spot along the
walls when the need arose.
From high up our towers we saw the Argive army with its white shields, leave
Teumessus and come charging towards the trenches. Then they burst forth and
surrounded our Cadmean lands. Suddenly and all at the same time, war cries and
trumpets howled from both sides, from theirs as well as from our own
battlements.
1120
The first of their captains was Parthenopaeus, son of the huntress, Atalanta.
He charged at our Neistean Gate with his men, a company thick with shields held
high. In the centre of his shield was embossed his family emblem, his mother,
killing the Aetolian boar with her far-shooting bow.
Next came Amphiaraus, the seer, with his sacrificial offerings on his chariot.
He charged at our Proetid Gates. His shield was of a humble design, with no
brightly coloured emblems embossed on it.
Then came Prince Hippomedon. He marched to the Ogygian Gate. The emblem on his
shield was that of the all-seeing Argus his dappled eyes gazing, some opening
as the stars were rising and others closing with those setting, something we
discovered after his death.
1132
Tydeus was stationed at the Homoloian Gate. His shield was embossed with the
skin of a lion, its mane standing on end and, like the Titan Prometheus, he
carried a torch in his right hand, ready to burn our city.
Polyneices, your son, charged with his men against the Crenaean Gate. On his
shield were the flesh-eating steeds of Potniae, all in a frenzied gallop.
1140
They were grouped around the centre of the shield, near its strap, which made
them look even more wild.
No less a lover of war than Ares, the god himself himself, Capaneus drew up his
company against the Electran Gate. On the iron circle of his shield he had
embossed the image of one of the earth born giants who had just torn up from
its foundations a whole city and was now carrying it on his shoulders, a
message for us about what he intended to do to Thebes.
Adrastus stood at the seventh gate. He carried his shield with his left arm and
on that shield were drawn a hundred hydras, the proud emblem of Argos.
1150
And from the middle of the battlements the hydras were snatching with their
jaws our sons, the sons of Cadmus.
I was able to see all these things, my lady as I was taking our watch-word
around to all our captains along our walls.
In the beginning, my lady, we were fighting with bows and arrows and with
spears and with slings, weapons for distance, and with huge stones.
1160
We were winning the battle when Tydeus and your son together, shouted out,
“Hey, sons of the Danaans! Why wait until we are cut to pieces by their
missiles? Let’s all rush at the gates together! All of us, footmen and
cavalry, chariots, all of us together!”
When they heard these words, everyone moved!
Many of them fell to the ground with their heads steeped in blood. Many from
our side, too, fell to the ground, in front of our walls, their last breath
gone and their rushing blood, quenching the earth’s thirst.
Then Atalanta’s son, who’s from Arcadia and not from Argos, threw himself upon
our gates like a typhoon and shouted to have fire and picks brought around to
raze the city to the ground.
1170
But our own Periclymenos, Poseidon’s son, breaks his rage by hurling at his
head a rock so large it could fill a wagon! A huge, coping stone he tore away
from the battlements. It smashed the man’s blond head into pieces, breaking all
the joints on his skull and bloodying his young cheeks, bursting with the first
blush of beard. He won’t be returning to his mother, Maenalus’ daughter with
the beautiful bow.
Your son, Eteocles, confident that these gates are secure, left them and went
to attend to others. I followed him.
1180
I saw Tydeus and his marshalled men hurling their Aetolian spears into the gaps
at the top of the turrets with such accuracy that our men began to flee from
those high battlements. Your son though, like a hunter cheering his hounds,
brought them all together again and roused them into returning to their posts.
After that, after we corrected that danger, we ran off to other gates.
Ah, Capaneus and his madness! How could I ever describe such a rage?
There he was, charging at us with this huge, long-necked ladder, full of
bluster, screaming that not even Zeus with his fierce bolts would stop him from
razing the tallest towers of our city to the ground!
1190
A hail of stones were hurled at him but he, still shouting, crouched under his
battered shield and began climbing one slippery rung after another but, just as
he reached the top of the tower, Zeus delivered his lightning bolt! The earth
shuddered and everyone became afraid. Capaneus rolled down from his ladder.
His body fell apart and his limbs were tossed in opposite directions. His
hair was shot to Olympus, his blood into the ground, his arms and legs, like
Ixion on his whirling wheel, rolled all about; and his scorched corpse fell to
the earth!
1201
Adrastus then saw that Zeus was working against his army so he pulled his
troops back, away from the trenches. Our troops, however, saw this sign
from Zeus as an auspicious one and so we charged at the centre of Argive army
all in one force, chariots, cavalry and foot soldiers all together.
A bloody chaos reigned with swords and spears clashing, dead soldiers thrown
from their chariots and wheels and axles crashing upon each other and corpses
piling up upon more corpses.
1210
So, at least for today, we have saved the city’s walls, though only the gods
know if the city will keep its good luck after today. After all, it was some
god or other who has saved it today.
Chorus:
It is good to gain a victory but it would be even better if the gods continued
with their kindness. That would make us very happy.
Jocasta:
Fate and the gods have been good to us. My sons are alive and our city has
escaped destruction. Not so for poor Creon though who, it seems has reaped the
bitter harvest of my marriage to Oedipus.
1220
The poor man has lost his son, a good turn for Thebes but a dreadful grief for
him.
But, tell me, what will my sons do next?
Messenger: Nervously. He is
obviously holding back some dire news.
No, don’t ask me that, my lady. Don’t ask me what next. Just accept that so
far, so good!
Jocasta:
What? Why? Your answer frightens me. I can’t leave this question unasked!
Messenger:
But your sons have escaped death, my lady. What more do you want?
Jocasta:
I want to hear if I am just as fortunate in all other matters.
Messenger:
Let me go, my lady. While I am here with you, your son is out there, alone and
without my protection!
Jocasta:
You are hiding something dreadful from me. Concealing it in darkness!
Messenger:
Perhaps I am – but I will not add misery to your blessings!
1230
Jocasta: She grabs him by his cloak
Yes, you will!
Unless you can escape me by flying off into the heavens!
Messenger:
My lady!
My lady, why didn’t you just let me deliver my good news and then leave? Why do
you insist on my telling you news of misery?
Both your sons, both of them, have come up with this shameless, this reckless
idea of fighting each other in single combat, away from the rest of the army.
Oh, how I wish they hadn’t uttered their speeches to the Argive and the Theban
men!
It was Eteocles who did that first. He climbed up to the highest tower, ordered
the men to be silent and then, and then he spoke.
1240
“Generals of the Greek army! Noble sons of the Danaans who made their home
here, and you, sons of Cadmus! Don’t trade your lives for my sake or for
the sake of Polyneices! I will settle this conflict by fighting my brother
alone and if I kill him I shall keep the house for myself but if I lose, then I
shall let him have it all to himself. You, Argives, leave the battleground and
go home. Don’t leave your lives here. Enough of the Sown Men have done so.”
1250
These were the words of Eteocles.
Then, your other son, Polyneices, stood out, in front of his army and praised
him for those words.
Straightaway both armies, Argives and Thebans, roared together with their
approval, thinking the words were just. Then, the two generals poured libations
and, in the space between the two divided armies, they swore to keep to these
terms.
Then, the two young sons of Oedipus began to cover their bodies with their
bronze armour. They were helped each by his own men, Eteocles by the best of
the Sown Men and, his brother, Polyneices by the best of his Danaans.
1260
And there they stood in their shimmering armour, neither flinching for a
moment, each madly eager to shoot his spears at the other. Their friends came
from their side to rouse their champion with words like this: “Polyneices, you
can do it. You can raise a trophy of victory to Zeus and bring words of glory
and fame to Argos.”
And to the other one, his friends would say, “You are now fighting for Thebes,
Eteocles. Win and you shall have the sceptre of the city!”
These are the words they used to urge their champions into the fight.
1270
In the meantime the seers sacrificed the sheep and examined the bursts of the
flames and how the gall bladder burst, moisture and heat being enemies as well
as the tips of the flames which foretold one of two things, victory or defeat.
Now, my lady, Jocasta, if you have any powers of persuasion over them, with
words of wisdom or charm, go and stop your sons from this dreadful fight. The
danger for them is great. The victory prize for you will be bitter tears,
if the result is the loss of both your sons in the one day!.
Exit the messenger
From within we hear Antigone singing a
gentle song
Jocasta goes to the gate of the palace,
opens it partially and shouts.
Jocasta:
Antigone!
Antigone, my girl, come outside! Come!
1280
Come, my daughter! Such heaven-sent disasters are not for singing songs or
dancing or amusing yourself with childish things.
Come, come! You and your mother must try and prevent your brave brothers from
killing each other. Come Antigone! Hurry!
Enter Antigone from the palace
Antigone:
Mother, darling, what new family disaster are you announcing here, in public,
in front of our house?
Jocasta:
Your brothers, dear! Your brothers will lose their lives soon!
Antigone:
Why, what do you mean, mother?
Jocasta:
They are standing against each other ready for mortal dual.
Antigone:
Oh, no, mother!
Mother what are you telling me?
Jocasta:
Nothing pleasant, my daughter. Come, we must hurry!
Antigone:
But mother, where could I go? I can’t leave my women’s quarters!
Jocasta:
To the battlefield!
1290
Antigone:
No, mother. I’m too ashamed to be seen in public.
Jocasta:
Come, Antigone. This is no time for modesty!
Antigone:
But what could I do there?
Jocasta:
You could try and stop your brothers from killing each other.
Antigone:
Mother! How could I ever do that?
Jocasta:
By falling at their knees and begging them, darling. Come!
Antigone:
Lead the way, mother. Let’s go to the battlefield.
Jocasta:
Hurry, darling, hurry!
If I can catch them before they start the fight, we shall all live but if we’re
too late and they die, then I too, will lie down next to them and take my own
life!
Exit Jocasta and Antigone.
Chorus:
Ah!
Chorus:
Ah!
Chorus:
How my heart trembles with terror!
Chorus:
How my whole body trembles with terror!
1300
Chorus:
With pity for the mother!
Chorus:
Bitter pity for the poor mother!
Chorus:
Two brothers! Two brothers!
Chorus:
Oh, Zeus!
Chorus:
Oh, Earth, what pain is this!
Chorus:
Which brother will draw the blood of the other?
Chorus:
Which neck will be pierced by the murderous spear!
Chorus:
Pierce the shield!
Chorus:
A brother’s life taken by a brother!
Chorus:
Ah!
Chorus:
For which of the two corpses?
Chorus:
For which death shall we wail?
Chorus:
Oh, Earth!
Chorus:
Oh, Earth!
Chorus:
Pain upon pain!
Chorus:
Twin the beasts!
Chorus:
Twin the murderous hearts!
1310
Chorus:
Two spears brandished for two souls!
Chorus:
Two murders for two murders!
Chorus:
Two bodies will fall!
Chorus:
Two bodies will fall!
Chorus:
A war prize dedicated to you, Thebes, the bloody corpses of two luckless men!
Chorus:
What thinking has brought them to this path?
Chorus:
To fight in single combat!
Chorus:
Poor men!
Chorus:
I shall wail in a foreigner’s tongue!
Chorus:
I shall wail and I shall shed my tears of mourning for the dead!
Chorus:
The murderous Fate is almost done!
Chorus:
The slaughter is almost done!
Chorus:
The light of this day will see their future!
Chorus:
Oh, goddesses of Vengeance!
Chorus:
Oh, Erinyes!
Chorus:
What dreadful death!
Chorus:
What horrible slaughter you wrought upon these brothers!
1320
Chorus:
Ah, look!
Creon is coming here, to the palace!
Chorus:
What clouds cover his face! What sadness!
Chorus:
I’ll stop my wailing.
Enter Creon
Creon:
Ah, what despair! Oh, what sadness!
Which of the two should I cry for, me or my city, a city covered by a cloud of
despair big enough to drag it down to the waters of Acheron, the river of
Death.
Yes, my son has gained glory for his name because he has died for his city but
for me, for me, it is a deed of the darkest gloom!
I have just picked him up from Dragon’s Cliff, self-slaughtered and brought him
here, in my sad arms. My house groans with the pain and I, an old man, brought
my lost son’s corpse here for Jocasta to give it its burial wash and lay it out
for the grave.
1331
The living must honour the dead and revere the god of the underworld.
Chorus:
Your sister, Jocasta, old man and her daughter, Antigone have gone out.
Creon:
Gone out? Where to? What’s happened? Tell me!
Chorus:
She heard that her sons are about to enter into a single combat against each
other for the throne of Thebes.
1340
Creon:
What? What do you mean? I was tending to my son’s corpse and did not get to
hear any of this.
Creon makes to leave but is stopped by the chorus
Chorus:
No, Creon, your sister has left a while ago now.
Chorus:
I think Oedipus’ two sons have already finished the combat for their life.
Creon: Sees the messenger
approaching
Ah!
And there I see the signs that tell the result!
That messenger’s eyes, his sad face! They tell all!
Enter Messenger
Messenger:
Ah!
Where can I find the words? How can I speak my message?
Creon:
With what terror you begin your message!
Messenger:
Ah, how painful is this message that I must bring!
Oh, I say it again: How dreadful are these news!
1350
Creon:
More dreadful news upon the old ones?
Messenger:
Creon, your sister’s sons no longer see the light of day!
Creon:
Dreadful indeed are the news you bring. Dreadful the pains for me and for the
city!
Messenger:
Oh, palace! Oh, halls of this house, did you hear these words? Did you hear the
news that both of Oedipus’ sons have died of the same fate?
Chorus:
Yes, if these walls had a heart, they, too would weep!
Creon:
What bitter fate!
What heavy pain!
What agony!
Messenger:
And yet there are more dreadful news for you to learn, old man!
1360
Creon:
How can there possibly be any news sadder than this?
Messenger:
Your sister, too, died with her sons!
Chorus:
Oh, cry!
Chorus:
Raise your groans high!
Chorus:
Beat your heads with your white hands!
Creon:
Poor, Jocasta! What end has the Sphinx brought to your life and to your
marriage!
Exit Creon
Chorus:
Tell us!
Tell us how the slaughter of the two men happened?
Chorus:
How did the combat, Oedipus’ curse take place?
Chorus:
Tell us!
Messenger:
About our city’s successes before our walls you already know. The surrounding
walls are not too far away so you have heard about what went on there.
1370
Once the two young sons of Oedipus –generals and chiefs, both- had worn their
bronze armour, they went and set themselves up between the two armies, ready
for the duel of bronze spears.
Polyneices turned towards Argos prayed with these words: “Hera,” he said,
“Reverend Hera, I have married Adrastus’ daughter and now live in Argos, so I
belong to you! Help me, Hera, kill my brother and make this right hand of mine
stained with his blood in victory, a victory over my enemy.
1380
This is an awesome crown I am asking from you, Hera, to kill my own brother!”
Many soldiers shed tears and exchanged glances at these words of his.
Eteocles had turned towards the temple of Pallas Athena and prayed with these
words: “Daughter of Zeus, let my hand throw this spear of mine and grant that
it pierces his chest and kill him. He has come to destroy my land.”
1390
Then the Truscan trumpet burst, like a blazing torch, a signal of murderous
battle, the two threw themselves wildly upon each other and clashed like two
boars with their tasks sharpened for the kill and their beards soaked in the
foam of frenzy.
They charged at one another with their spears, each crouching behind his own
shield to let his opponent’s steel slide off it inflicting no injury and if one
of them raised his eyes above the circle of his shield, the other would try to
plunge his spear into his face, trying to be the first to draw blood. But both
were extremely careful to keep their eyes protected behind their shield so that
the spears did no damage to either of them.
1400
The terror was more marked on the onlookers than on the combatants since the
sweat flowed more freely from them.
Then, Eteocles tried to kick a stone away from his path and in this way exposed
his leg outside the shield. This was an opportunity for Polyneices to thrust
his Argive spear which he took, wounding Polyneices’ thigh. The Danaans
roared triumphantly.
Eteocles, however, saw that Polyneices, in thrusting his spear into his thigh,
had exposed his shoulder and so, the wounded man plunged his own spear into the
breast of Polyneices which gave the Cadmeans their turn in cheering.
1410
But the head of Eteocles’ spear broke and so, the man totally helpless,
retreated step by step until he found a rock which he picked up and hurled it
at his brother, breaking his spear in half.
So now they have come to a point in the combat where they were even. Neither
had a spear left to throw.
So, then it was the swords! Both men clutched their sword by the hilt and
pounced at each other, clashing their shields together and raising high the
clamour of war.
1420
Eteocles then employed a trick which he had learnt when he had visited
Thessaly.
With his left foot he moves back from the tangle, all the while making sure his
front is well protected by his shield. Then, he puts his right foot forward and
plunges his sword into Polyneices’ navel, right through until it hits his
spine.
Polyneices falls, his ribs and his stomach crumbling into one agonizing, bloody
mess. This, thought Eteocles was the end of his enemy. He thought himself the
winner and master of the combat, so he threw down his sword and moved in on his
brother, trying to strip him of his armour.
1430
But he was so engrossed in that task that he neglected to think about his own
safety and that was his ruin: His fallen brother was still breathing faintly
and still had his sword within his grasp so he made one last effort and managed
to plunge it into Eteocles’ liver.
And so, the both of them fell to the ground, next to one another, their mouths
full of earth, the prize of victory equally divided between them.
Chorus:
Oh, Oedipus, how I pity you!
Chorus:
It seems some god has made true your curse to your sons, Oedipus!
1439
Messenger:
And now hear what more suffering has been heaped upon all this!
Just when the two men were breathing their last, their doomed mother comes
rushing on the scene, with her young daughter Antigone close behind.
And then, when she saw that their wounds were fatal, she groaned in agony, “Oh,
my sons, my sons! I have come too late to help you!”
Then she threw herself upon each of her sons in turn and groaned and wailed
miserably for all the futile effort she put into suckling them.
Antigone, their sister, also fell beside them and cried in utter sadness. “Oh,
my brothers!” she said. “Men who would be taking care of your aged mother! My
beloved brothers! Men who would be taking care of my marriage!”
1450
Just then, Lord Eteocles, hearing his mother’s voice, let out his last, dying
sigh, deep from within his chest and placed a moist hand on her. He didn’t
utter a word but, from the tears in his eyes, one could tell just how much he
loved her.
The other brother, Polyneices, who was still alive, when he saw his sister and
his old mother, said, “Mother, we are dying! I am said for you and for my
sister and for my dead brother who, though I loved him, we became enemies. Yes,
mother, enemy or not, he was my brother and I still loved him! Mother and you,
my dear sister, bury me here, in my native land and pacify the city. Let me
have so much of my land that I need now, even though I have lost my share of
the palace.”
1462
Then, Polyneices placed his mother’s hand onto his eyelids and said, “mother,
you close my eyes and farewell. The darkness is already covering me.”
Then both brothers surrendered their sad lives at the same time.
But then, when their mother saw this, in a fit of unbearable grief, snatched a
sword from one of the corpses and performed a deed most horrible: She plunged
the sword deep into her throat and fell dead upon the corpses of her beloved
sons, her arms embracing them both.
1472
Then the two armies sprang to their feet and began arguing about which of them
was victorious. Our side was saying it was we who had won but Polyneices’ army
claimed victory was theirs. The generals on both sides argued fiercely. As far
as the other side was concerned, it was Polyneices, their man, who, with his
spear had inflicted the first wound. Others again said that no one could claim
victory since both men were dead.
At this, Antigone walked away from the battlefield and army of the enemy rushed
once again for their spears.
But, by some lucky providence, the Theban army happen to be sitting next to
their shields and so we quickly surprised the Argives before they got themselves
fully protected.
1480
None of them stood up to meet our attack and the battlefield was overrun by the
fugitives and the blood streamed out from the countless who fell under our
spears.
When the war ended and we had won, a victory statue of Zeus was erected. Others
snatched the shields of the Argives and brought them inside the walls as prizes
of war.
Some men are helping Antigone bring her two dead brothers here for their
friends to mourn.
And so, some of this city’s struggles had a happy ending whereas others a sad
one.
Exit Messenger. A moment later enters Antigone,
followed by soldiers who are carrying the corpses of her two brothers and of
Jocasta.
1492
Chorus:
Ah! Look!
Chorus:
Ah! The dreadful catastrophe that fell upon this house is no longer words for
the ear but a sight for the eyes!
Chorus:
Here they are! We can see the corpses of the three dead here, in front of the
palace!
Chorus:
A shared death deprived them all of the light of day.
1498
Antigone:
I do not veil the delicate skin of my face but let my curls shade it.
I care not for the deep purple of my virginity under my eyelids.
I feel no shame for the blush of my face.
I come, I hurry, a wild bacchant of the dead.
I throw away the scarf from my hair.
I let loose my delicate saffron robe.
I usher the dead with the wails of grief.
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
Oh, Polyneices! How well your name bears your deeds!
Oh, Thebes! Your wrath is no wrath but murder upon murder!
With grim murder upon dreadful murder and with grim bloodshed upon dreadful
bloodshed your brought the House of Oedipus down!
1512
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
Oh, palace! What singer, gifted in the groans of grief, shall I call to cry
with me, to cry with me, my palace, my home, to cry with me over these three
corpses, a mother and her two sons, a sight that will please the hearts of the
goddess of Vengeance?
It was Erinys, the goddess of Vengeance, who has destroyed the House of
Oedipus, a long time ago, the very moment when Oedipus, in his wisdom had
solved the song of riddles, sung by that savage singer, the Sphinx and killed
her.
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
1520
Oh, father!
What woman, Greek or foreign or any other woman of noble birth and mortal blood
of ancient times has ever suffered so much, so much bitter, so much visible
pain?
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
How shall I sing my lament?
What bird will sing with me my lament? What bird that sits at the highest
branches of the oak tree or a pine, will accompany me, me, a motherless maid?
What bird will cry with me? A motherless maid who’ll spend the rest of her life
grieving a bitter grief, crying ever-flowing bitter tears, alone.
1530
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
She tears some hair from her head
Which one? On whose body shall I scatter the first cuttings of my hair? Who
shall I lament first? Shall it be my mother? Shall I scatter my hair on her two
breasts from which I first sucked milk?
Or shall it be the black wounds of my two brothers?
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
She throws it on the corpses of the
brothers and then goes to the gate of the palace and calls Oedipus
Father! Poor, aged father! Poor blind father! Leave the house and come outside!
Come, father! Come and show the full misery of your life, Oedipus!
1540
You have spread upon your eyes a gloomy darkness and now drag your endless days
within those walls.
Father! Do you hear me, father?
Are you dragging your aged feet into the courtyard or are you lying in your
miserable bed?
Enter Oedipus, struggling blindly with a walking
stick.
Oedipus:
Ah!
Antigone, why have you dragged my blind feet out here, into the light of the
day?
I was inside, inside the bitter darkness of my room, inside my bed!
Ah, your heart-renting tears, my daughter!
Ah, this walking stick!
I walk about in the white air like an invisible phantom! Am I a dead man
come from Hades or am I a dream with wings?
1551
Antigone:
Ah, my poor father!
A disaster, father! A message disaster for you!
Your sons, my father! Your sons and your wife, no longer see the light of
day, father!
Your wife, father, who stood by your walking stick always, guiding your blind
feet!
Ah, my poor father!
Oedipus:
Ah!
Suffering! Suffering to groan for! Suffering to cry for!
What fate! What fate, child, caused three souls to leave the light of
life?
Tell me, daughter, what fate caused this?
1561
Antigone:
Oh, father!
I say this out of grief and not of a need to criticize you or to mock you, my
father but it was the avenging spirit you sent to them, the curse you sent upon
them with its heavy load of swords and fire, with horrible wars crashed upon
your sons, my father!
Oh, my father!
Oh, my dear father!
Oedipus:
Ah!
Ah!
Ah!
Antigone:
Why these heavy sighs now father?
Oedipus:
Oh, my sons!
Antigone:
Yes, father, you are in agony now but what if you could look upon the sun god’s
four horse chariot and turned your sight upon these corpses, my father?
1570
Oedipus:
The suffering of my sons is clear but my wife! Daughter, tell me please, what
fate was it that caused her death?
Antigone:
Her tears and wails were all there for everyone to witness!
She bared her breast, father! To her sons, she bared her mother’s breast, bared
it to them in supplication!
She rushed to them and found them by the Electran gate. There, by the
valley where the lotus flowers bloom where they were fighting a duel like two
lions locked inside a den. They thrust their spears at each other, eager to see
wounds.
1580
Their bodies were already covered in gory wounds, in the crimson libation of
blood, cold and crusted, a libation that Ares, the god of war would pour and
Hades, the god of the underworld would accept.
She took a sword, one of beaten bronze, from the dead and plunged it deep into
her body and then, the grief stricken mother fell onto the corpses of both her
sons.
Ah, my father, my father! All this suffering! All in one single day! Whoever
the god might be, father he has heaped upon us all this suffering today!
Enter Creon. He has heard part of Antigone’s speech
and the words of the chorus
Chorus:
So much suffering!
Chorus:
So much suffering fell upon the House of Oedipus today!
Chorus:
May our fortunes be better from now on.
1590
Creon:
Enough!
Enough of the tears now! It is time to think of the burial.
Now, hear my words, Oedipus.
Your son, Eteocles has given me the throne of this city as dowry to my son,
Haemon, to marry your daughter, here, Antigone. So, now, I will not allow you
to live here, in Thebes. The words of the seer, Teiresias are clear: “This
city,” he said, “will never prosper if you continue to live here.”
So, I say to you, not out of arrogance or enmity but for the sake of the city,
to prevent your avenging spirit from destroying it: Leave us! Leave this land!
1600
Oedipus:
Oh, Fate!
What misery you’ve made of my life, even from the very start! No other mortal
has ever suffered such misery! Even before I left my mother’s womb, before I
saw the light of the sun, Apollo foretold my father, Laius, that I would be his
murderer!
Oh, Fate!
Oh, misery!
Then, the moment I was born, my father orders my death, calling me his enemy,
since Fate had declared that he would die by my hand. And, while my lips were
still seeking out my mother’s breast, he sent me, poor creature, out to Mount
Citheron, to be a pitiful morsel for the wild beasts.
But from that, I was rescued.
1610
Ah, if only Citheron had sunk into the pits of Tartarus for having failed to
end my miserable life! Instead, Fate made me Polybus’ slave and I, poor
man, killed my father and slept with my mother who gave birth to my sons who
are my brothers!
Then I destroyed those sons of mine by passing on to them the curses that I had
received from my father.
And no, it was not I and of my own free will who has destroyed my eyes and
killed my sons. I am not that bereft of sense. No, behind it all, I see the
hand of some god or other.
1620
But, so be it!
And now, who will come to guide my blind feet? Indicating the dead Jocasta This dead woman here? She would, if she
were alive. Of that I am certain. Indicating
the dead sons. My two lovely boys? No, not they either for they are not
mine any longer.
Am I still young enough to make a living? Where?
Creon, why are you destroying me so utterly? Sending me away from my land is
like death to me! Yet, no, I shall not fall at your knees to beg! Even though I
am ruined, I shall not betray the nobility that I once had.
1630
Creon:
You’ve decided not to touch my knees and that is good. On my part, I have
decided that you should not stay in Thebes.
Now, of these dead, take one of them, this, Eteocles, into the palace. The
other, Polyneices, who has come with a foreign army to destroy his own country,
throw him outside the borders of Thebes and leave him there unburied and to all
the citizens of Thebes, to all the Cadmeans, I make this proclamation: Whoever
is caught placing a wreath upon this man’s corpse, or trying to give it a
burial, that person’s reward will be death. Let him lie there, unmourned,
unburied, food for the carrion birds.
1640
As for you, Antigone. Stop crying over these corpses and take yourself indoors!
You must live like a proper, unmarried girl, waiting for your day of marriage
to my son, Haemon.
Antigone:
Father! What dreadful miseries must we endure!
Father I pity you more than I pity these dead because it is not that some of
your pains are more bearable to you than others but that all of your pains are
equally unbearable!
And as for you, new king, why insult my father by exiling him from his country
and why make laws against this unfortunate dead man?
1652
Creon:
That was an order made by Eteocles himself, not me.
Antigone:
A foolish order and you are being foolish for pursuing it.
Creon:
What? Should we disobey orders?
Antigone:
No, we should not, if they are evil and made out of hatred.
Creon:
What? Is it evil to throw this man’s corpse to the dogs?
Antigone:
Yes, because you’re the punishment is not lawful.
Creon:
It is certainly lawful! He was an enemy to his country, though he was not born
one.
Antigone:
Fate meted out his punishment.
Creon:
Let his burial be also a part of his fated punishment!
1660
Antigone:
What fault of his was it that he came seeking his share of the land?
Creon:
Let me speak to you in plain terms: This man will not be buried!
Antigone:
I will bury him myself, even though the city forbids it!
Creon:
Then bury yourself next to him!
Antigone:
What greater honour is there for two siblings to be buried together?
Creon: To his men
Take her! Take her into the house!
Antigone:
Never! I shall never let go of this body!
Creon:
This matter was decided by god, young woman, not by you!
Antigone:
God has also decided that the dead must not be insulted!
Creon:
No soft soil shall be scattered over this corpse!
1670
Antigone:
Yes, it will, Creon. Soil will be scattered over this corpse for the sake of
his mother, here!
Creon:
Antigone, you’re wasting your time. You will not get your way!
Antigone:
Let me at least wash the body, Creon!
Creon:
No, this is one thing that Thebans are also forbidden to do!
Antigone:
Look at his dreadful wounds! Let me wrap them in bandages!
Creon:
No, you will pay no honours to this corpse!
Antigone: Falling to her knees by
the side of Polyneices
Oh, my darling brother!
Let me kiss your lips! She does so
Creon:
All this grieving! You are putting your marriage in jeopardy!
Antigone:
Marriage? Do you think I will marry your son while I’m alive?
Creon:
Of course you will. How do you think you will escape his bed?
1680
Antigone:
On that night I shall act like a true Danaid and kill my husband!
Creon: To Creon
Do you see, Creon? Do you witness the impudence, Creon? How your daughter
insults me?
Antigone:
This sword, this steel is my witness!
Creon:
Why on earth do you not want to marry to my son?
Antigone:
I will join my poor father, here, in his exile.
Creon:
Ah! You might think that to be an act of bravery but it is one of stupidity.
Antigone:
I shall join my father in exile and I shall join him also in death!
Creon:
Go then! I will not let you stay here and kill my son!
Leave this land now!
Exit Creon and his men.
Oedipus:
My daughter, I praise your willingness to…
Antigone:
But father, how could I get married and let you leave the city all alone?
1690
Oedipus:
Daughter, you should stay here and enjoy your happiness. I’ll look after my own
problems.
Antigone:
But father, who is there to help you with your blindness?
Oedipus:
Fate will point out the place where I shall lie down and die.
Antigone:
Oh, where is that Oedipus who had the wisdom to solve riddles?
Oedipus:
Gone, darling!
I was blessed by one day and destroyed by another!
Antigone:
And I must share in your misfortunes, father!
Oedipus:
It would be shameful for a daughter to be wandering about with her blind
father.
Antigone:
No, not shameful, father but an honour, father, if she is a wise woman.
Oedipus:
Let me now touch your mother’s corpse.
Antigone: Takes him to Jocasta’s
corpse and places his hand on it.
There, father. Touch the dear old woman with your hand.
1700
Oedipus: Does so.
Oh!
Oh, my poor mother!
Oh, my poor wife!
Antigone:
There, the most heartbroken woman of them all!
There, all around her lies the cause of all her suffering!
Oedipus:
And the bodies of Eteocles and Polyneices? Where are they?
Antigone: Guides him to them
They are here, father. Here. They lie next to each other.
Oedipus:
Put my blind hand upon their unfortunate faces.
Antigone: Does so
Here, father. Touch the faces of your dead sons with your hand.
Oedipus:
Poor sons of mine! Such a miserable fall!
Poor darling sons of a miserable father!
Antigone:
Oh, Polyneices! The name dearest to my heart!
Oedipus:
And so, my daughter, now Apollo’s prophesy has been fulfilled.
Antigone:
Which prophesy is this, father?
Are there even more misfortunes to hear, on top of all the others?
1710
Oedipus:
Yes, daughter.
I will die in Athens as a fugitive.
Antigone:
But where, father? What Attic tower will welcome you?
Oedipus:
Colonus, the sacred ground of Poseidon, the god of horses.
But come then my daughter, if you truly want to share in my exile, help me,
help your blind father.
Antigone:
Ah, poor me! An exile!
Come then, father, stretch out your dear hand to me and let me guide you, like
a wind guides a ship.
Oedipus stretches out his hand and Antigone places it
on her shoulder.
Oedipus:
There! Guide me, my poor, unfortunate daughter. Let us go.
1720
Antigone:
Unfortunate, indeed, father!
Unfortunate, indeed! I have been more unfortunate than the most unfortunate of
all the Theban women.
Oedipus:
Where should I place my aged foot, my dear girl?
Where should I place my walking stick?
Antigone:
This way, father!
Walk this way, father!
Walk with me, father!
You are as frail as a dream, father!
Oedipus:
Ah! I am an old man!
Ah! I am a miserable exile!
Ah! I have suffered pain after pain!
1730
Antigone:
You have suffered, poor man!
You have suffered because Justice is blind to the wicked and deaf to the fools!
Oedipus:
Ah! I am the man whose fame scaled the upper heavens!
Ah! I am the man whose name was passed into the songs of Victory!
Ah! I am the man who solved the unsolvable riddle of the Sphinx!
Antigone:
You are bringing up the old story of the Sphinx, father!
Forget the old glories, father!
Look at what misery is ahead of you, father!
You are exiled from your country!
You will die at some unknown place, father!
1740
And I, I leave behind, to my young girlfriends, my tears of longing!
I leave my land for some other distant place to live the life not fit for a
young girl.
Oedipus:
Ah! What noble heart you have, my daughter!
Antigone:
Nobility, which will give me glory, thanks to my father’s suffering!
Ah, father! The insults heaped upon you and upon my poor brother whose dead
body will be thrown outside the walls of his city, unburied! But, even if I
have to die for it, father, I will come and bury it in secret.
1750
Oedipus:
Go and see your girlfriends, darling!
Antigone:
They have heard enough of my wails and my troubles.
Oedipus:
Then go to the hallowed hills of Bacchus, to his women followers, the Maenads.
Antigone:
I did that once.
I wrapped a Cadmean fawnskin around me and led their dance to those sacred
hills. This holy company of Semele. It was not a service for which I received
any thanks.
1760
Oedipus: Turns to the audience
Men and women of my glorious city, look at me!
It is I, Oedipus, the man who solved the unsolvable riddle!
I am the man who once was among the greatest!
I am the man who cut short the horror of the murderous Sphinx!
Look now, upon Oedipus!
Look now upon an exile!
Look now upon a shamed man!
Look now upon a man in misery!
But why all this lament?
Why all these tears?
They serve no purpose!
I am a mortal and so I should endure whatever fate the gods deliver me!
Chorus:
Oh, Victory!
Chorus:
Oh, Victory, take charge of my life and never stop weaving your garlands for
me!
Exit all
The End of Euripides’
Phoenician Women